台灣閩南語準句末助詞「去」的歷時語意發展

The Semantic Development of Taiwanese Southern Min Sentence-final Particle khi3

本文藉由比較十六世紀潮泉混合的《荔枝記》戲文與現代閩南語，觀察「去khi3」的歷時語意發展。現代閩南語的「去」仍在發展成句末助詞的過程，尚未與原本具體語意脫離完全虛化。動詞用法的「去」是以說話者的座落為參照點，即使在虛化後的指示補語、動相標記以及準句末助詞「去」仍保有此特質。空間指示「去」以說話者為參照點的特質反映在非空間指示「去」的主觀化上。戲文中準句末助詞「去」多與被動標記合用，表達事情的不可逆與不幸，並表達說話者對事件的「遺憾、不樂見」之意。現代閩南語「去」可獨立於被動式之外，單獨使用於句尾，傳達說話者的不利蒙受。準句末助詞「去」已進入句法層次，與語態（mood）、情態詞（modal）、時貌（aspect）關係密切。每個「去」的虛化階段會有模糊地帶，不容易切割。特別當「去」置於句尾時，易模糊動相標記或助詞的界線。即使「去」的實質語意內涵逐漸淡化，但仍可從其與句子中其他元素的互動看到原本語意殘留的痕跡。

This paper analyzes the semantic development of TSM khi3 ‘to go, to leave' by comparing its usages in 16th-century SM playscripts and in modern TSM. Khi3 has gradually evolved into a sentence-final particle, although not yet fully fledged. When khi3is used as a verb, it involves the subjectivity of the speaker. This feature remains essential in the different stages of grammaticalization, such as directional complement, phase marker, and sentence-final particle. In 16th-century SM playscripts, sentence-final khi3 could only occur in passive constructions. In modern SM, khi3 can be used independently as a sentence-final particle, which implies the adversative affectedness of the speaker. The core meaning of khi3 is spatial movement. The meanings of disappearance and irreversibility are later developments. When khi3 occurs sentence-finally, the boundary between lexicon and syntax gets blurred. If khi3 is used as a particle, it enters the syntactic level and interacts with moods, modals, and aspects. Although khi3 undergoes grammaticalization, hints of its original semantic properties can still be sensed.