論武裝衝突時軍事目標之選定

Military Object Distinction during Armed Conflicts

聯合國憲章所確立之「禁止使用武力原則」，乃當代國際法最重要發展之一，其核心理念主要在於促使國際爭端得以和平解決，然環視當今國際社會現況，武裝衝突事件似乎未曾停歇，其所衍生之國際法問題牽涉層面既廣又深具複雜性，已成為世界各國不得不審慎嚴肅面對之重要課題。當武裝衝突發生之際，對於交戰者而言，應如何選定合法之攻擊目標至為關鍵，此可從軍事目標主義及區別原則之基本內涵窺其梗概。次就歷史發展經緯以觀，在陸海空戰各法規中對於攻擊目標之規範各有不同，且自1949年四個日內瓦公約及1977年兩個附加議定書締結後，除強調武裝衝突時之目標識別義務外，更發展出以目標選定基準作為軍事行動設定攻擊對象之判別依據。再者，國際條約所明定之堤防、水壩等重要設施、文化財產、宗教設施與醫療設施等，依法均須加以保護及尊重，自不得成為攻擊目標，探究其成立背景，主要係源自人道思想而來。基於攻擊目標之多面向性，本文主要以武裝衝突法上攻擊目標之選定問題為探討核心，此將有助於吾人更深層地瞭解其相關規範。

The ＂non-use of force＂ principle established by the UN Charter is one of the most important developments in contemporary international law. Its core concept is mainly to promote peaceful settlement of international disputes. However, taking a look at the current situation of the international community, incidents of armed conflicts do not seem to have ceased. And the international issues derived concern a wide range of complexities and have become so significant that all countries have to tackle with caution and seriousness. When armed conflicts occur, it is crucial for the belligerents to decide legitimate objects of attack. This can be seen from the basic connotation of military objects and the principle of distinction. Judging by the historical development, the laws and regulations on military targets of land, naval and air warfare are different, and since the conclusion of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two additional protocols of 1977, in addition to object distinction during armed conflicts, criteria are used as the basis for determining the objects of attack in military operations. Furthermore, important facilities such as levees, dams, as well as cultural property, religious facilities and medical facilities defined in international treaties must not be targeted and must be protected and respected in accordance with the law. The background of their establishment mainly came from humanism. In view of the multi-faceted nature of targets, this paper focuses on the distinction of the objects during armed conflicts, which will give us a deeper understanding of the relevant norms.