建構選擇姓氏的權利

Constructing the Right to Select Surname

本文探討選擇姓氏之權利，其牽涉三個議題，第一，姓氏之特質為何？第二，稱姓權之權利主體為何？第三，稱姓權之權利範圍為何？本文在方法上則作比較法及國際人權法之分析，進而省思國內相關規範。本文認為，姓名權為人格權之一部分，人格權為個人權利，應認為稱姓權作為姓名權之一部分，亦應是個人權利。個人才是姓氏之主體，而父母是因為親權之行使，為子女決定姓氏。從權利範疇而言，由姓氏與血緣之關係、姓氏之起源及發展歷史過程、參考國際觀點等角度觀之，應可趨向將姓氏認定是單純個人稱呼說。而國家不需要過度限制稱姓及更改姓氏之範疇。因而本文認為，我國應該考慮取消限制姓名登記應使用通用字典中所列有之文字，亦不應限制約定子女稱姓只能從父姓或母姓，而應賦予人民自由抉擇之權利，至少應該允許父母以雙方姓氏之任一順序構成之複合姓作為子女之姓氏，或是甚至容許各種稱姓可能性，無需太多之限制。同時應保障稱姓權之消極自由，容許所有國民決定是否稱姓，同時賦予人民自由更改及回復姓氏之權利，可以包括三個層級之思考，第一，相對應最基本的是允許個人結合父母姓氏成為第三姓之可能性。第二，允許在有「重大理由」或「正當利益」之特定情形時得以變更姓氏。第三，原則允許變更姓氏，只在特定狀況下才不允許。

This paper probes the right to select surname. It concerns three issues: first, what is the character of surname; second, who is the subject of right to select surname; third, what is the ambit of right to select surname. It arranges analyses of comparative and international human rights laws in related fields to reflect on domestic rules.This paper argues that, since right to have a name is part of personal right which is an individual right, right to select surname, being part of right to have a name, should also be regarded as an individual right. An individual herself/himself is the subject of such right. Parents or guardians choose surname for their children because of their parental rights.Concerning the ambit of right to select surname, this paper considers that a surname, viewing from the relationship of surname and blood, origins and developments of surnames and international viewpoints, tends to be a term for an individual. Therefore, the state should not overly limit a person's right to choose, change or restore a surname.This paper also argues that Taiwan should consider abolishing the regulation that only Chinese surnames in normal dictionaries can be chosen. The state should not limit a person to choose a surname only between those of her/his mother or father. At least the state should a combined surname from parents; or even more choices. S/he should also have a right not to select surname. The state should also guarantee people the right to change and restore their surnames. The bottom line could be a combined surname; a middle way is to allow changing surname for significant reasons; the advanced approach is to permit changing of surname unless in special conditions.