關於婦女的「事實」：民國時期社會調查的性別分析

“Facts” about Women: Gender Analysis of Social Surveys in the Republican Era

本文以民國時期大學院校的社會調查作為主要材料，探討「婦女」如何成為社會研究的範疇。近代以來，婦女作為國家社會的成員，不但是被動員的對象，也成為需要被理解、被掌握的知識範疇。尤其當新文化運動主張以「科學」方法重新架構世界觀與認識論時，社會調查成為求取知識的新工具，婦女成為知識的「實驗場域」。從這個角度來看，婦女的社會調查可以看成是形塑「婦女知識」的社會工程。本文即以關於婦女的社會調查為對象，探討婦女被知識化的過程，進而重新思考新文化運動與婦女的關係。

This article investigates how Chinese intellectuals constructed “social facts” about women through social surveys, a research methodology that was imported to China and used to collect sources and data about local communities in the early twentieth century. Highlighted as “scientific,” social surveys became a significant way to obtain “authentic knowledge,” particularly after the New Culture Movement. As a focus of May Fourth debates, women also drew the attention of Chinese social surveyors. How were they represented in those social surveys? In what ways did the investigators portray women in Chinese society? Answering these questions will allow us to assess how the May Fourth Movement reshaped the construction of women as a source of new knowledge as well as a constituent element of Chinese society.