時間觀、自我控制與青少年偏差行為的關係

Relations Among Time Perspective, Self Control, and Adolescent Deviant Behaviors

Zimbardo提出時間觀理論，認為不同類型時間觀者有著不同的認知和行為模式，而時間觀對於青少年時期的發展與適應有著重要的意義。過去研究指出不同類型的時間觀對於風險行為、酗酒、藥物成癮等偏差行為具有影響，但對於時間觀如何影響青少年偏差行為形成的機制較少探討。本研究以一般化犯罪理論為基礎，探討時間觀對青少年偏差行為影響的機制。本研究假設，各類時間觀透過自我控制影響青少年偏差行為。本研究採取無記名自陳式問卷為調查工具，包括時間觀量表、自我控制量表、與青少年偏差行為量表。針對桃園、新竹、苗栗地區之高中（職）在學學生進行調查，得到有效樣本364位。研究結果發現：不同類型時間觀與低自我控制及偏差行為皆具有顯著關聯，其中過去負向型、現在享樂型、現在宿命型時間觀與低自我控制及偏差行為具有顯著正相關，而過去正向與未來型時間觀與低自我控制及偏差行為具有顯著負相關。低自我控制與偏差行為有關，且是過去負向、現在享樂、現在宿命與未來型時間觀與偏差行為間的完全中介變項，以及過去正向時間觀與偏差行為間的部分中介變項。最後，就本研究結果的理論意涵、實務應用、研究限制與後續研究方向提出討論。

According to the time perspective theory proposed by Zimbardo, timeperspectives involve varying perceptions and behaviors; additionally, timeperspectives have significant implications for the personal development andadaptability of adolescents. Because the effects of time perspective on deviantbehaviors such as risk taking, alcoholism, and drug addiction have been previouslyidentified among teenagers, this study explored the mechanism of adolescent deviantbehaviors based on the general theory of crime. We hypothesized that time perspectives influence adolescent deviant behaviors through self-control. An anonymous self-reportquestionnaire was adopted to measure time perspective, self-control, and adolescentdeviance. A total of 364 valid samples were collected from existing high school andvocational high school students from Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Miaoli in Taiwan. Theresults revealed that different time perspectives and low self-control weresignificantly related to deviant behaviors. Specifically, the time perspectives of pastnegativism, present hedonism, and present fatalism manifested positive correlationswith deviant behaviors, whereas negative correlations were observed with pastpositive attitude, future-oriented attitude, and low self-control. In addition, low self-control was correlated to deviant behavior, specifically as a complete mediator of pastnegativism, present hedonism, present fatalism, and deviant behavior, and as apartialmediator of past positive attitude, future-oriented attitude, and deviant behavior.Lastly, related discussions on researchimplications, practical applications, research limitations, and future directions areaddressed.