以「事天」為本之治理思想：明末儒者安世鳳《孔錄》之研究

Viewing the Thoughts on Governance from the Perspective of “Serving Heaven”: On the Late-Ming Confucianist An Shi-feng's Notes on Honoring Confucius

本文以明末儒者安世鳳之《雙孔錄》為研究對象，並以「事天」為分析其治理思想之視角。在學界既有關於明清之際思想轉變的研究中，學者們多半從「心性之學轉向經世之學」之視野來理解其特徵，以此呈現明清之際思想史的典範性的轉變。本文透過分析安世鳳之《奪孔錄》，指出一種帶有「事天」性質的儒學構想，觀察他如何反省理學，並以「事天」為原則，開展關於群體治理活動的論述。我們將會看到，安世鳳之治理思想反映過往關於明清之際思想轉變之理解較受忽略的側面，展示了一條從「天人關係」之視野反思經世實踐的思考路徑，其中，「事君」之重要性被高度地看重，「君臣關係」也被以此一原則來衡量，藉以批判宋儒之士風，並蘊含有「君」的思想色彩。

This paper aims to analyze the Late-Ming Confucianist An Shi-feng's Notes on Honoring Confucius (尊孔錄), and shows his thoughts on governance and its features. The main argument of “Serving Heaven,” which is a vision that differs from the existing landscape about the Ming-Qing transition of intellectual history, is the fundamental principle to reflect problems of governance. Not only can “Serving Heaven” become a discourse to govern, but it also presents a different perspective for criticizing Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism (理學). Simultaneously, another essential principle of “Serving the Emperor,” which is cognate with the discourse of “Serving Heaven,” is discussed to show the relationship between the emperor and the officials.