走出劫難的世界──《紅樓夢》的逍遙觀

Departing from the Destined Calamity: The “Free Wandering” in “Dream of the Red Chamber”

歷來對於《紅樓夢》所討論的哲學命題，大多圍繞儒、釋、道三家；然而，《紅樓夢》實際上是將「情」的意義提升，作為觀看生命的角度及方式。曹雪芹透過小說表達超越劫難的心路歷程，一定程度而言，藉由《紅樓夢》一書回應了「如何自永恒的苦難中超越？」此一問題。本文即針對此過程逐一闡述，從二元對立到大觀園的象徵意義，曹雪芹選擇深入劫難的世界，而後透過「情」一一走出，並建構了在現實世界中能夠維護「情」的地方──大觀園。然而，既是對劫難世界有深刻的體悟，則大觀園終將毀滅，最後人物則透過姽嫿將軍詞與芙蓉女兒誄的象徵，再度自劫難出走。永遠的走出人生劫難，與大自然合一，默然看待世界紛擾，尋求內心清淨不受污染，此「逍遙」人生觀，即《紅樓夢》「走出劫難」最後的歸宿。

The Dream of the Red Chamber(紅樓夢) it was first published in the 18th century, and has been extensively discussed in the field of philosophy around Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism ever since. However, the novel has in point of fact enhanced the significance of “affection” (Qing: 「情」) as the way and perspective of viewing life. The author Cao Xueqin expressed a journey through the destined calamity and beyond in the novel, which has to a certain degree responded to the question of “How to transcend from the eternal calamity?” This article aims at the process of transcendence. From the dualistic confrontation to the symbolic meaning of the Grand View Garden, Cao Xueqin has chosen to go deep into the world of calamity and afterwards in succession depart from it through “affection”, and finally constructed a space in the novel to maintain affection in reality - the Grand View Garden. However, the Grand View Garden has become perished in the end, since the protagonist had profound experience in the world of destined calamity. At the very end of the novel, the protagonist has departed once again from the destined calamity through the symbolization of Gui hua jiang jun ci(姽嬧將軍詞) and Fu Tong nu er lei(芙蓉女兒誄). The achievement of being eternally departed from the destined calamity of life combined itself with nature, viewed the world of restlessness in serenity, and perused purity of inner center without any contamination - a philosophical view of “Free Wandering”, which has become the final destination of “departing from the destined calamity” in The Dream of the Red Chamber.