魏晉南北朝筆記小說疾病文本的細讀與遠讀

Close and Distant Reading: Illness Texts in the Biji xiaoshuo of the Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

數位人文學作為一種研究方法參與文學研究，其電子文本的儲存型態與數位技術的運算分析，往往能帶給傳統文學研究嶄新的視野。本文結合數位遠讀與文本細讀，藉由權威詞檔的群組共現，選擇「疾病敘述與動物想像」及「疾病敘述與醫藥關懷」兩個研究主題。前者從詞頻出發，探討動物如何脫離上古神話圖騰、政治象徵的平面形象，進入魏晉南北朝筆記小說的疾病敘述，或為病痛喻象的想像來源，或為醫療體系的一環，或為疾病事件中的角色。其中既有物、我共生，家族一體的自覺，又隱含對頻繁跨界現象的不安；後者透過權威詞的共現與互動，觀察醫藥在魏晉南北朝筆記小說裡的疾病敘述，於病患身心所發生的作用與轉變、乃至此間所開展的人際互動。在疾疫連綿不絕的中古時期，疾病與死亡緊密相依，宗教色彩與生死關懷乃為此間最重要的核心。以權威詞所建構的問題意識出發，將疾病視為一種生命的特殊情境，運用數位人文研究平台上的詞頻統計、共現分析等工具，分析魏晉南北朝筆記小說中疾病事件和感覺結構，統計數據與視覺化圖表容易披露現象或趨勢，有些符合常識，有些則引人好奇，然落差所產生的縫隙，正是數位人文學探索的起點。

Digital humanities is a research method where the preservation pattern of the digital text and the operation analysis of digital technology often allow for a completely new perspective on traditional literary studies. Based on the co-occurrence of authority words, this article combines both 'digitally distant' and 'textually close' reading to investigate two major topics: 'illness narratives and the imagination of animals' and 'illness narratives and the concern for a cure'. On the basis of word frequency, it examines the images of animals as they became detached from ancient mythological totems and political symbolism, focusing on the illness narratives found in Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 魏晉南北朝 short stories where animals are either a metaphor for the imagined source of the illness, are a part of the treatment, or play a role in the illness event. In these narratives, we observe a symbiosis between object and self, as well as a self-consciousness regarding familial unity. They also frequently imply a restlessness about the frequent transgression between different worlds. Regarding the second topic, we use the co-occurrence and interaction between authority words to investigate illness narratives related to medicine, the transformative effects illness has on the body and the mind of the sick person, as well as the interaction between the patient and others during the illness. In the endless epidemics of the medieval period, illness and death were interdependent, which led to a focus on religion and a concern about life and death. This article begins with subject matter constructed from authority words and considers illness to be a special life situation. It uses digital humanities research platforms, word frequency statistics, analyses of word co-occurrence, etc., to analyze the illness event and its structures of feeling in stories from the Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The data and the visualized graphs created on the basis of this analysis clearly reveal certain phenomena or tendencies, some of which correspond to common sense, others of which provoke curiosity. The gap in meaning thus created is the starting point of digital humanities research.