反義複合語氣副詞的用法及成因

The Usages and the Formations of the Modal Adverbs Composed of Antonyms

漢語史上有許多由反義詞複合而成的語氣副詞，如「橫豎」、「反正」、「死活」、「好歹」、「左右」、「高低」、「長短」、「多少」、「早晚」等。此類副詞可表確認與將就語氣，主要分布於知域與言域，並常用於複句語境。本文將先從歷史角度統整這兩種語氣的用法，繼而論其成因。反義複合詞的語義間隙大，諸詞和所在句可構成多種複句關係，以致帶有不同語氣。然各詞能表語氣不盡相同，主要是受到詞內反義關係的牽動，呈現由詞構到詞義、詞義再到句法的連鎖推動關係。

In Chinese there are many modal adverbs composed of antonyms, such as Hengshu ''horizontal and vertical'', Fanzheng ''upside and downside'', Sihuo ''dead and alive'', Haodai ''good and bad'', Zuoyou ''left and right'', Gaodi ''high and low'', Changduan ''long and short'', Duoshao ''more or less'', Zaowan ''early or late'' etc. The characteristics of these adverbs, such as the expressing of two different moods, being distributed mainly in epistemic and speech act domains, co-occurring frequently with complex sentences, etc, will be discussed first and the causes of their usages will then be explored in the paper. The paper argues that the semantic interspace of the two components of these compound adverbs is large enough to include complex sentence relations, and thus leads to different moods and the corresponding usages. In addition, the moods these adverbs can express are decided by the semantic relations of the antonyms inside the adverbs, hence their histories reflect clear consecutive influences of compound structures on word meanings and of word meanings on syntactic usages.