從國內外離岸風電發展經驗論我國離岸風電之推動與啟示

On the Promotion of Offshore Wind Power in Taiwan and its Implications: A Study of Global and Local Experiences

全球離岸風電裝置容量逐年增加，我國亦計劃將離岸風電裝置容量提升至2025年之5.7兆瓦，故本文根據國際能源總署彙整之歐洲離岸風電發展經驗，檢視國際推動離岸風電時在治理、環境與社會面須考量的議題。就治理面而言，國際間透過設定溫室氣體減量或再生能源設置目標，呈現強力推動決心，並透過專法執行，以提高市場規模和能見度。相關風場風況、水深等數據並由政府對外公告，以增進開發離岸風電計畫案之透明度與信心。同時，離岸風場電網連接的控管模式依其深、淺不同對開發商之風險迥異。其次，誘因機制會隨著技術和市場成熟度增加而發生變化，也與供應鏈發展與創新支持有高度相關。供應鏈自製化仍需視當地工業發展狀況來調整其發展方向，現階段我國業者尚需累積實做經驗，輔以公眾支持的引導教育機構培訓行業所需人才，才能使產業與供應鏈更為完善。在環境及社會議題則需考量對當地生態和居民與漁民生活影響，宜擬定專法與相關準則以促進離岸風電與漁業互利共生。我國目前離岸風電發展規範不足，應參考國際作法以強化法律基礎。此外，現階段陸上變電站併接點恐無法因應大量離岸風電併網，宜公開併接工程及興建進度資訊。最後，施工前需完整評估週邊環境以減輕生態衝擊，並與當地居民與漁民頻繁溝通、協助其升級產業，發揮離岸風電和漁業共生之效。

This paper presents a contemporary analysis of Taiwan's offshore wind development from the perspectives of policy governance, environment and society. Following the practice and lessons documented in IEA-RETD (2017), we first investigate Taiwan's offshore wind development from six key policy areas: market scale and visibility, site development, grid connection, incentive mechanisms, supply chain development and innovation support. A few examples of European offshore wind farms are also discussed in this paper. As concern for the environment and affected communities is rising and some proposed projects have been opposed and stopped by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the past decade, this paper also summarizes lessons and recommendations from the experiences of international offshore wind development and assesses the environmental and social impacts of Taiwan's offshore wind farms. Key considerations and good practices are also proposed for the Taiwan government in managing offshore wind energy policies, legislation and regulations.