漢〈公莫巾舞歌行〉破譯商兌

A New Discussion on the Interpretation of ＂Kung-mo-chin-wu Ko-hsing＂

〈公莫巾舞歌行〉是漢代著名的舞曲歌詞，載《宋書樂志》，南齊時已號稱不可解。為破解這首歌詞，學者們付出了艱辛的努力，取得了一定的進展，但離真正意義上的破解還有相當的距離。本文贊同逯欽立先生〈公莫巾舞歌行〉就是漢代所謂「聲曲折」或「聲韻曲折」的看法，認為這種聲曲折實即聲音譜，即用漢字來描摹一首歌曲在歌唱中曲時、折時的聲音情狀，供歌者尋字聲而演唱，從而否定了流行的〈公莫巾舞歌行〉為歌舞劇腳本的說法。在此基礎上，本文又進一步研究了〈公莫巾舞歌行〉的詞句構成和聲字結構，總結其規律，提出了一套分解和剔除聲字的合理方案，得到了〈公莫巾舞歌行〉全部二十解歌詞。在歌詞的釋讀過程中，本文主要是因字形、字音或字意相近的字來尋其原字，並參考古樂府及漢魏六朝詩歌的某些成句。從解得的歌詞來看，〈公莫巾舞歌行〉應是一首思君去時曲，乃思婦勞人悲傷而陳危苦之語。由於〈公莫巾舞歌行〉是思婦怨愁的主題，與其原曲「項莊劍舞」的內容大異，所以它的原歌詞就不可能是現行的歌詞，現行的歌詞當是用另外一首樂府歌詞填進這首曲子的。這首置入的樂府其原歌詞今雖不傳，但它留下的「思君去時」之音，卻是中國詩歌史上傳唱不絕的聲音。

As a famous dance song in Han dynasty, ＂Kung-mo-chin-wu Ko-hsing＂, which is recorded in ＂Yueh-chih＂ of ＂Sung-shu＂, is well known for its inapprehensible even since the South Qi dynasty. In order to get a full understanding of this dance song, former scholars have tried all their efforts and made a great progress, but there is still a long way to go before a real solution can be achieved. This thesis agrees on the opinion that ＂kungmo- chin-wu ko-hsing＂ is the so-called concept ＂sheng-ch'u-che＂ or ＂sheng-yun-ch'u-che＂ in Han dynasty, and accounts the ＂sheng-ch'u-che＂ as ＂sheng-yin-p'u＂, which is used to describe the method to record the actual sound situation when a song is sung in a ＂ch'u'＂ and ＂che＂ condition in order to make it convenient for the singers to sing according to the sound of the words, and consequently negate the popular opinion that ＂Kung-mo-chin-wu Ko-hsing＂ is a script of song and dance drama. This thesis also makes a further study on the composition of words and sentences of this song and summarize the rules of the written convention, and put forward a feasible method to distinguish and delete ＂the words inserted in dance song to make it harmony with the music＂(聲字) to get the real lyric of this song. In the process of interpretation of this song's lyric, this thesis uses the word with the similar shape, sound and meaning to find the original word, and quotes some sentences in Middle Ages Chinese poems to get more support. Based on the real lyric of this song, ＂kung-mo-chin-wu ko-hsing＂ is a song about a woman missing her departed husband and soaked herself in the mood of lost and sadness. As this theme is far away from the original music ＂Hsiang-chuan wu-chien＂, it is obviously that this song's original lyric can not be the present one, the present lyric might be another lyric of yuehfu used to fill in to be harmony with the music. Although the original lyric can not be seen nowadays, the remained music of missing the husband's departing time is still in the air of the history of Chinese Literature.