老子「上德」「下德」義解及其相關問題

The Interpretation and Related Questions on Lao zi's ＂Superior De＂ and ＂Inferior De＂

討論今本《老子》三十八章中若干疑義，全文分四節：一、「下德」與「上義」同文，學者皆知其中有誤，而以臆改之，莫衷一是。自馬王堆帛書本出土，知其原無「下德為之而有以為」一句，此一久經爭訟的問題乃奭然而解。二、《韓非子》所引本章，不唯無「下德為之而有以為」，復無「下德不失德，是以無德」；又今本「失道而後德」以下四句，《韓非子》「而後」下並多四「失」字。本文分析「道」、「德」的關係，以判異文之得失，並識疑義之所在。三、王弼闡發老子「道」與「仁」「義」「禮」之關係，曾分別以「崇本舉末」、「崇本息末」等類似的多種不同表述來說明，對其「本」「末」的認知，學界尚有歧見，本文綜貫王弼注文及其《老子指略》所述，論證「本」是指作為本源的「道」，而「末」則為所生的形名。四、根據老子旨義論證章末「愚」字，非謂愚昧，而當從易順鼎說，乃「遇」字假借，邪偽義；王弼注文很可能已先作此解，惜後人多未注意及此。

This study is divided into four parts, which discusses Lao zi, Chapter 38 and its controversy in textual family as well as interpretation. We will later on extend the discussion to questions regarding commentaries, especially that of Wang Bi's. I. Scholars failed to reach consensus on the correct original text of ＂Superior De＂ and ＂Superior Yi＂. However, ＂The 'Inferior De' tries to act by showing itself off＂ was not included in Lao zi on the silk material, Ma Wang Dui Han Tomb, putting a stop to the longtime debate. II. The two sentences-＂The 'Inferior De' tries to act by showing itself off＂ and ＂The 'Inferior De' tries to stick to the word of 'De', it shows that it does not possess 'De'＂-were omitted in Han Fei Zi. Unlike the Han Fei Zi version, ＂lost＂ did not show up four times in the four sentences following ＂'De' appears only after 'Dao' is lost＂. From analyzing the relationship between Dao and De, we judge the pros and cons as well as the meaning of variant readings. III. Wang Bi invoked ＂Honor the origin to initiate 'Mo'＂, and ＂Honor the origin to terminate 'Mo'＂, along with other approaches to illuminate the relationships between ＂Dao＂, ＂Ren＂, ＂Yi＂, and ＂Li＂. The meanings of ＂origin＂ and ＂Mo＂ remain controversial. From Wang's commentary and Lao Zi Zhi Lue, we believe ＂the origin＂ is Dao in all behavior, while ＂Mo＂ being the entity and appearance it brings. IV. The ＂Yu＂ in ＂A false appearance of 'Dao', and the beginning of 'Yu'＂ has been literally misinterpreted by most readers as ＂ignorance＂. According to Shun-ding Yi, ＂Yu＂ was borrowed from another Chinese character, which means evil and false. This was previously purposed in Wang's commentary, but overlooked by later generations.