晏幾道《小山詞》「清壯頓挫」之意義探析

An analysis of the meaning of ＂qin-zhuang-dun-cuo＂ as shown in Yan Jidao's Xiaoshan ci

北宋詞人晏幾道（1038-1110），有《小山詞》一卷行世。其摯友黃庭堅（1045-1105）在〈小山集序〉中提到晏幾道詞的特色：「乃獨嬉弄於樂府之餘，而寓以詩人句法，清壯頓挫，能動搖人心」。指出其詞融合了「詩人句法」，產生「清壯頓挫」的美感特質，達到「能動搖人心」的藝術效果。「清壯頓挫」的意義究竟是什麼？由於黃庭堅並未解釋「清壯頓挫」的意涵，也未援引詞例說明，以致眾說紛紜，莫衷一是。筆者尋繹「清壯頓挫」運用在文學批評上的脈絡，再從黃庭堅的詩論、文集，以及宋人的筆記、詩話中釐清「清壯頓挫」的意義。筆者以為，黃庭堅所謂的「清壯」，主要涵蓋了兩個不同的層面，一是品格風骨的卓犖不群，一是立意修辭的清新不俗；「頓挫」主要是指章法布局的宛轉曲折。《小山詞》「清壯頓挫」的特質，和「寓以詩人句法」的表現方式有關。在篇幅簡短的令詞中展現了轉折錯綜的章法，造成情感的波瀾起伏。或以矛盾對立形成情感的跌宕衝擊；或以委婉鋪敘、宛轉層遞的筆法突顯情感的往復低徊，為柔緩的令詞開展出具有抑揚抗墜之致的新風貌。

The North Sung Dynasty poet Yan Jidao (1038-1110 AD) wrote the lyric poetry album Xiaoshan ci. In the prologue, Yan's close friend, Huang Tingjian comments on his poetry, ＂While experimenting with Yuefu poetry, Yan employs poetic composition methods. The result is 'qin-zhuang-dun-cuo,' that moves men's hearts.＂ Huang points out that it is the poetry composition method used in writing lyric poetry that induces the artistic effect he calls ＂qin-zhuang-dun-cuo＂ that has the ability to move our hearts. So what is meant by ＂qin-zhuang-dun-cuo?＂ The absence of either definition or exemplary poems illustrating the meaning of the term by Huang Tingjian has led to the proposal of various theories. The author intends to trace the use of ＂qin-zhuang-dun-cuo＂ in literary criticism, supplemented by Huang's poetry critiques, collections, and notes/poetry theories by Sung scholars, in order to pin down the term's correct interpretation. The author believes that qin-zhuang has two readings; one is of a distinctively noble character, while the other is novel in theme and rhetorical methods. Dun-cuo mainly refers to the subtle changes of mood in composition. Xiaoshan ci has the character of being qin-zhuang-dun-cuo because it has been composed with methods of poetry composition. The complex and ever varying writing style incites emotional twists in the reader within these compact poems. Sometimes, the simultaneous presentation of contrastive themes causes an emotional impact; sometimes, the subdued description and indirect unfolding of the theme conveys the feeling of hesitation and contradiction. The tame genre of lyric poetry is thus given a new face of compositional variations.