轉折詞「可」與「可是」演變綜論

A Comprehensive Discussion on the Formation of the Adversatives “Ke” and “Keshi”

本文綜合探討「可」與「可是」發展為轉折副詞與轉折連詞所涉及的多方面現象。文中提出兩點新觀察，主張二詞都是藉由提醒此一語用功能而用於轉折語境，且其轉折功能有雙來源，除源自強調語氣副詞，還源自究問語氣副詞；此外，本文還釐清這方面演變的兩個爭議點，除確定連詞「可」源自副詞「可」，而非連詞「可是」，也確認連詞「可是」的形成經歷轉折副詞的過程。以二詞演變概況為根據，本文進而尌漢語轉折關聯詞角度指出「可」與「可是」在演變上的特殊性，並論及「X是」詞構的特性與作用，也嘗試藉標記性觀點解釋二詞在句法功能上各有所偏重的原因。

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on the formation of the adversatives “Ke” and “Keshi”. We argue that their adaptability to the adversative contexts is due to the pragmatic function of “reminding”, and both the emphatic adverb and the persistent interrogative adverb can be the sources of their adversative usages. Based on historical evidences, we also solve two disputes on their formation, i.e. the conjunction “Ke” is originated from the adverb “Ke”, but not the reduced form of the conjunction “Keshi”, and the conjunction “Keshi” is developed from the adversative adverb, but not directly from the emphatic adverb. Depend on the above findings, this paper also points out the uniqueness of their historical development in comparison to the other adversatives, provides some opinions to the function of the “X-shi” construction and tries to explain the complementary distribution of the adversative functions of “Ke” and “Keshi” by applying the theory of markedness.