儒家倫理與現代法治社會銜轉的可能性探析──以「直躬案例」與「桃應難題」為主要考察對象

The Possibility Analysis on the Confucian Ethics Transferring and Integrating into the Modern Law Society: The “Zhigong Case” and “Taoying Problem” as the Main Subjects of the Study

儒家思想過去曾為中國文化主流，很長一段時間主導帝國政治、法律的運作。唯自西方民主法治思潮傳入後，以「尊尊」、「親親」身分法為主之中華法系遂告退位，儒家法思想似乎難再契合於以權利本位為主的現代法治社會。但事實恐非如此，原因在於法治社會所稱之法，並非單純秩序的維護，而係一種具有實體價值的規範，因此其制度設計必然保留道德倫理發用的空間，非將法律、道德視為矛盾對立的規範。從這個角度觀察，儒家倫理實與法治社會具有諸多對比互攝的可能，為具體說明這個理念，本文乃以「直躬案例」與「桃應難題」為考察案例：「直躬案例」主張父子犯罪應當彼此互隱、「桃應難題」則稱若瞽瞍殺人，舜當竊負而逃，儒家倫理似與法律規範衝突。本文則是反轉此一思考進路，改從法體系內部尋求解答，透過現行實體法與程序法規定，證成「直躬案例」與「桃應難題」之合理性與時代意義，從中顯明儒家倫理銜轉至現代法治社會的可能性所在。

Confucianism was ever the Chinese mainstream culture, leading Empire political and legal operation for a long time. Only after the introduction of a democratic legal system from the west, Chinese legal system based on “Respect” and “Close Relationship” family law came to abdicate, the Confucian legal thought seems to be difficult to fit the modern legal society based on the right standard. But, the fact is not the case, the reason is that the legal society of law is not a simple order maintenance, but with a solid value standard, so the system design must retain the moral and ethical space, law and morality not as a contradictory specification. Seen from this angle, the Confucian ethics and the law society have many possible to contrast with each other, to specify this idea, this paper is based on “Zhigong Case” and “Taoying Problem” as the study cases: the “Zhigong Case” claims that the father and son crimes should be mutual hidden, the “Taoying Problem” said if the father of Shun (the name of a legendary monarch in ancient China) killed a person, Shun should take his father escape, Confucian ethics seems to conflict with legal norms. This paper reversed this thinking approach, instead of seeking the answers from the inside of the law system, through the rules both the current substantive law and the procedural law, verifying the “Zhigong Case” and the “Taoying Problem” of rationality and time significance, wherein reveals the possibility of Confucian ethics transferring and integrating into the modern legal society.