移民經歷和遺民情懷的託寓──戰後臺灣外省族群作家作品中的「桃花源記」

The Representation of Immigrants' Experiences and War Survivors' Feelings-”The Peach Colony” from the Perspective of Writers of the Ethnic Group from Mainland China after Chinese Civil War

1949年後臺灣外省作家群改寫或挪用〈桃花源記〉的小說和戲劇，往往與移民現象和遺民意識暗相吻合，印刻了歷史變遷的軌跡。在反共懷鄉的年代，外省第一代作家張漱菡小說〈白雲深處〉，敘寫臺灣深山桃花源中的遺民，隱含對現世仍存觀望疑慮，反證彼時臺灣仍非太平盛世。七○年代初張曉風在舞臺劇劇本《武陵人》中進行移民之辯，蘊藏回歸祖國（臺灣／中國）與苦難並存的決心。八○年代後期賴聲川《暗戀桃花源》銘刻外省第一代離散經驗，負載外省第二代創作者共同的族群記憶，成為現實兩岸關係的寓言並與時變遷。臺灣本土論述興盛之際，朱天心小說〈古都〉以京都為鏡像，指涉「三三」時期懷想的古典中國隱然為理想桃花源，在本土化浪潮中自感移民後裔身分不被認同，臺北成了偽桃花源，內含戰後移民／遺民的感慨傷懷。相較於外省族群國族認同糾葛複雜，本省作家挪用桃源典故的作品中，呈現的臺灣認同較顯單純明確。戰後臺灣小說和戲劇中的「桃花源記」，讓古老原型產生當下意涵，文本間且互相指涉，不同的改寫與轉化方式，展現後代創作者對原典的反芻及對現實的思考，與身分認同的切切追尋。

After 1949, the writers of the ethnic group from Mainland China rewrote or adapted “The Peach Colony” into novels and plays. This corresponded with the emigration phenomena and the consciousness of war survivors and described the trace of Taiwan's historical change. During the dominated era of anti-communism and nostalgia sentiment, the first-generation writer of the ethnic group from Mainland China, Chang Shu-Chian wrote the novel “At the Deep Site of White Cloud” describing the war survivors in Taiwan's Peach Colony in the high mountain. The novel implied with doubts for the reality and reflected Taiwan during that time was not in its prosperities. In the beginning of 1970s, Chang Hsiao-Feng in the playwriting “Wuling People” presented the discussion on emigration that shows the determination to return to the home country (Taiwan/China) as well as to co-exist with difficulties. In the end of 1980s, Stan Lai's “The Peach Blossom Land” talked about the diaspora experience of the first generation of the ethnic group from Mainland China and presented the collective ethnic memories of the second-generation creators of the ethnic group from Mainland China. His work became the fable across Taiwan Strait and transcended time and space. Under the popular trend of the discourse, in Chu Tien-Hsin's novel “Ancient Capital,” the ancient China in the time of “San San” apparently became the ideal Peach Colony. In the localization wave, the sons of immigrants felt that their statuses are not identified and Taipei became the fake Peach Colony mixed with the immigrants'/war survivors' sentiments. Compared to the complicate identities of the ethnic group from Mainland China, local Taiwanese writers adapted the Peach Colony to present simpler and clearer Taiwanese identity. “The Peach Colony” in Taiwan's novels and plays after the Chinese Civil War allowed the representation of old prototype as well as interdependence between discourses. Different methods to adapt and transform presents the reflection to the original work as well as the thinking towards the reality demonstrated by the creators in the post-contemporary era and the eager search of identity.