南溟、離散、地方感：楊雲史與使節漢詩

The South, Diaspora and Sense of Place: Yang Yunshi and Han Poetry by Imperial Chinese Consuls

19世紀末期，中國使節的南來是觀察漢詩的境外離散和文化播遷的重要現象。本文關注使節代表的官方正統，面對西方勢力、華人移民社會，他們的漢詩世界所建立的異地景觀與文化想像，如何在早期南洋殖民地和華僑社群形成一個具有描述個體生存經驗、離散華人意識與外交視野的文學生產空間。本文主要以1907年南來新加坡領事館任職書記兼翻譯官的楊雲史（1875-1941）為個案，這位出身蘇州常熟，晚清唐詩派名家的外交官，著有《江山萬里樓詩詞鈔》（1926），派駐南洋四年餘寫作的詩詞百餘首。其中取南溟為主題，以紀史姿態表現南洋華人移民和拓荒事蹟，尤其深入觀察和議論中國與西方殖民勢力在南洋地域的消長，開啟南洋漢詩的外交視域和地緣政治的書寫。另外，大量閒適詩生動記載南洋地景與流寓心情，經營唐詩格調和意境，形成迥異的南洋漢詩自然景觀。楊雲史兼集憂患和閒適的漢詩寫作，在新馬早期漢詩史獨具特色。本文試圖從一組問題進行觀察。我們如何界定清帝國末代官吏的眼光？他如何從華人遷徙歷史、中國朝貢外交和西方殖民勢力三個範疇，重估詩對疆域的思索回應，融合為自己建構的南溟視域？這是詩人離散在外的憂患和建立詩史的依據？在閒適的山居生活裡，楊雲史為何跳脫出現實的風土，以唐音營構和回應殖民地自然景觀？以上提問，凸顯了楊雲史的境外漢詩探究故鄉／異地，中國／南洋，大清子民／離散華人交織辯證形成的世界觀與地方感，開啟漢詩與自然、疆域的思辨。

In the late 19^(th) century, the Qing government dispatched consuls to the south and meanwhile a great number of intellectuals immigrated to the same area. Both groups represented the dispersal of the literati class and the dissemination of culture; more importantly, their arrival in the south, coupled with their cultural undertakings and poetry writing, gave shape to the early Mahua literature. With particular attention to one Chinese consul in Singapore, Yang Yunshi (1875-1941) and his poetry writing, this paper attempts to investigate how the consuls, representatives at the forefront of interaction with western colonial powers and local early Chinese emigrants, were able to form a literary space in which the lived experience of overseas Chinese, local awareness and cultural dissemination can be portrayed. The following questions will be addressed in this paper. (1) In what way can we identify and describe the vision of Yang as a Chinese imperial consul and how did he display his vision through poetry writing? (2) In the terms the history of overseas Chinese, the Chinese diplomatic tribute system and Western colonial power, how did Yang revisit the concept of boundary and formulate a southern vision of his own? How did such southern vision contribute to the display of diaspora and to the formation of the history of Han poetry in the southern land? (3) Why did Yang transcend his life in reclusion and respond to the local exotic landscape in Tang poetic language and style? The answers to the questions above may very well reveal how the sense of globalization and place were constituted by sets of dyadic notions - homeland vs. exotic land, China vs. Nanyang, and citizens of the Qing empire vs. overseas Chinese - and shed new light on the relationship among Han poetry, nature and geographic boundaries.