疾病的隱喻──先秦及漢代禮教論述中的身體思維與倫理課題

A Metaphor of Illness - Discussions Concerning Thoughts on the Body and Ethical Issues of Decency and Propriety during the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties

本文將探討先秦至漢代禮教論述中如何透過身體以隱喻自然、家國、倫理之理想與困境，並在氣的連續性下，彰顯彼此間的密切關係。探討士人如何將自然與人事連結，透過身體隱喻之運用，以進行理想政教的規諫，達到法天地、協六氣的政教理想。其次，並探討此種身體隱喻所展現的君臣關係與施政理想。再者，則具體分析士人如何透過身體失和以隱喻其時之政治環境，甚至進行權力鬥爭。禮儀中如何透過身體而與祖先之體相親，透過儀式以整合家族間的倫理關係。其後，探討禮書中有關災異與疫病論述所凸顯的文化與倫理結構中的失序議題，並探討失調之身體形象所隱喻的道德虧缺，以及文化中如何透過身體隱喻以反映價值體系，達到重整族群、更新倫理關係、諧和自然與人倫的目的。

This essay will discuss how to make a metaphor for nature, home and country, the ethic ideal and dilemmas through body in discussions of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasty. It discusses the exemplification of the close relationship between these elements and the continuity of Qi. Next, the paper explores how scholars, through the convergence of nature and self through the application of physical metaphors, make remonstrations of ideal politics and education, to then achieve the political and educational ideal in learning from nature and harmonizing the six kinds of Qi. Second, it investigates how the body metaphors present the relationship of the emperor and administration ideal. Third, the paper concretely analyzes how scholars create a metaphor for the political environment in that time through body disharmony, to even conduct power struggles, which addresses question of how to interact with the body of the ancestors through the body, and integrate this with ethical relationships between the family through ceremony. Finally, to discuss the catastrophe and disease discourse, which emphasizes an issue of discord in the cultural and ethical structure of different books concerning propriety (li) and the disorder of body image that involves the diminution of morality. Furthermore, to emerge a system of values through the body metaphor in the culture. In this way, the body metaphor acts to achieve the purposes of restructuring ethnic groups, renovating ethical relationships, and harmonizing nature and human relations.