簡剛巧構──周必大碑誌特色析論

Upright Succinctness and Delicate Structuring: The Characteristics of Zhou Bi Da's Tablet Inscriptions

周必大乃南宋碑誌大家，其作異於南宋散文「冗弱」弊病，而有「筆力益遒」之頌譽。本文耙梳「遒」之內涵、重要性，並探求他種特色、形成原因與價值，彰顯其成就，拓展南宋文學史觀看視野。全篇分就：奇行異氣－－墓主特質之擇抉、剛直品行－－儒學世用之思考、破題新穎－－碑誌結構之巧設、簡勁生硬－－字詞擇用之創獲數層面析論周必大碑誌創新求變情形。知悉周必大似有意揀選墓主奇異性格、俠烈行為入文，既使墓主個性躍然紙上，亦符應司馬遷「善傳奇偉」風格。此外，重視墓主「剛直」性情，兼由諸人仕途際遇思索儒者、儒學問題，強調世用。源於書寫、審視碑誌文心態之改變，周必大筆法隨之新易，屢以異於「正體」之破題開端，如特殊世系鋪陳、地理名稱開篇、以巨大時間跨度透顯人世滄桑、引經據典議論時事等。重組字詞、移置動詞，簡用動詞以形成勁潔氣勢，營造新奇生硬效果，可展現遒勁風骨，扭轉堆疊詞藻之陋習。

Zhou Bi Da (1126-1204) is a tablet inscription master in the Southern Song Dynasty. Without the common rong-ruo (＂lengthy and weak＂) defect in typical Southern Song prose, Zhou Bi Da's tablet inscriptions, for headstones mostly, enjoy the praise from the contemporary writers as ＂writing with power and strength.＂ This study will discuss the content and importance of such ＂power and strength＂ in his inscription works and also investigate their other characteristics, styling sources, and value so as to manifest his achievement and broaden the perspectives regarding the Southern Song literary history. The characteristics of Zhou Bi Da's tablet inscriptions are analyzed from the following four aspects: the choice of tomb occupants, consideration of Confucian literati's life career, the delicateness of content structuring, and novelty of word choice. Firstly, Zhou seemed to intentionally choose a tomb occupant's unusual character and chivalrous behavior in his inscription writings. It might not only represent the tomb occupant vividly but also tally with Si Ma Qian's ＂biographies for the great and distinguished＂ style. In addition, Zhou emphasized the ＂uprightness＂ in a tomb occupant's character and at the same time considered the issues of Confucian literati and philosophy through the occupant's life career. Moreover, instead of the orthodox direct opening, Zhou's adjusted novel style, originated from the attitude change in the contemporary tablet-inscription reading and writing, would rather focus on elaborating a tomb occupant's special genealogy, beginning with geographical names, revealing the constant changes in people's life, citing the classics to comment on current events, etc. Lastly, by cleverly rearranging word orders and choices, Zhou was able to create a succinct and vigorous quality as well as a fresh and unique effect in his writings. In this way, he successfully improved the Southern Song prose that had suffered from the lack of power and strength and the problem of verbosity.