杜甫〈茅屋為秋風所破歌〉之古今選評差異

Study on Difference of Ancient and Present Selection and Critique of Mao Wu Wei Qiu Feng Suo Po Ge of Du Fu

〈茅屋為秋風所破歌〉是杜甫在秋雨屋漏、長夜難眠的窘境中，發出「廣廈萬間」，以庇護天下寒士的宏願，散發人性的光輝與博大的胸懷，本詩故而成為後人論述杜甫「詩聖」內涵與「憂國憂民」情懷的經典名篇。筆者在歸納、比對21部今人編選的唐詩選本後發現，其中有17部選錄本詩，超越了〈兵車行〉、〈麗人行〉、〈丹青引〉、〈觀公孫大娘弟子舞劍器行〉等其他詩作，堪稱是今人心目中的杜甫七言歌行「壓卷」之作。但若與明、清時期的唐詩選本相較，本詩不僅選者寥寥，21部選本僅有8部選錄，評語也多為「村樸」、「意盡」等負面語彙，詩中「廣廈萬間」、「大庇寒士」的宏願，也被視為是貧寒失意的士人的空想、大願，未必真能實現。本詩古、今選評落差之大，令人驚詫。為能理解本詩古、今選評的差異與造成差異的原因，本文藉由表格數據資料，整理、比較本詩與杜甫其他5首七言歌行名篇的古、今選錄情形，並透過古、今唐詩選本的分卷編次、選詩數量與選詩理念，探討本詩在古今選評差異的緣由。期能以小見大，延伸理解杜甫七言歌行名篇的選評變化，並從中掌握古、今唐詩選本的演變。

＂Mao Wu Wei Qiu Feng Suo Po Ge＂ is the great aspiration of Du Fu to protect all humble literati when he was in the difficulty of sleep in the leaking house in the rain of autumn. It conveys humanity and the great mind. Hence, the poem becomes the classic for the later generation to study the content of ＂sage of poetry＂ of Du Fu and his ＂concern about the country and people＂. After reviewing and comparing 21 Tang poetry selections edited by modern people, the author realized that 17 of them selected the said poem which was more than other poems such as ＂Bing Che Xing＂, ＂Li Ren Xing＂, ＂Dan Qing Yin＂, ＂Guan Gong Sun Da Niang Di Zi Wu Jian Qi Xing＂, etc. It is ＂the classic of seven-character verse＂ of Du Fu in modern time. However, in comparison to Tang poetry selections in Ming and Qing Dynasty, the poem was rarely selected. Only 8 out of 21 selections included the work. The critique tended to be negative terms such as ＂rural＂ and ＂limitation of affection＂. The poet of late Ming Dynasty, Shen Han Guang, even mocked at the great aspiration of ＂protection of all beings＂ and ＂blessing for humble literati＂ by ＂thought of Cuo Da＂ and argued that it was the vain dream of a humble and depressed scholar (Cuo Da) and it might not be realized. It is surprising that the ancient and present critiques of the poem are extremely different. In order to probe into the critique difference of the poem in ancient and modern Tang poetry selections this study not only presents the selection and critique by tables and data, but also compares the poem with Du Fu's other classics of seven-character verse in order to explore difference between ancient and modern critiques on ＂Mao Wu Wei Qiu Feng Suo Po Ge＂ and the cause of the difference.