蔣中正建立「現代國家」之思想及實踐初探

A Preliminary Study on Thought and Practice in Chiang Kai-shek's “Modern State”

本文爬梳蔣中正（1887－1975）掌權以來留存的演講、書告、檔案、自記，並參酌相關回憶，以長時間來看蔣所認知的「現代國家」為何？建立的方法為何？此與其統治方式有何關係？對民國史之發展又有何影響？本文指出，蔣中正所認知的「現代國家」與現今吾人「一般」熟知的現代國家——工業化、民主化、政黨政治國家不甚相同。蔣所認識的現代國家為能屹立於現代世界的國家；其認定現代化就是「科學化」、「組織化」和「紀律化」，概括地說，即「軍事化」。現代國家唯一之特質，為「全國總動員」，其生命力為教育、經濟、武力（軍事），建立現代國家須由此著手。教育是連結經濟與武力的總樞紐，為建立現代國家之根本；軍事方面，須致力軍事集權，並由軍事機構領導，由此建立組織，再推而廣之；經濟則以重視資本、組織土地以及健全財政機構為要。蔣中正思想中的現代國家須由其領導，並以其為核心建立組織、紀律。從蔣欲建立現代國家之脈絡，我們或可嘗試跳脫權力慾望、政治鬥爭的角度，由另一軸線檢視其作為，其許多擘劃、行徑，或可由此理解。

What is a “modern state?” People's understanding of this concept differs from past to present and from West to East. As we know today, “modern state” is politically democratic, has an industrial economy, and an open society. Yet this differs from the conception of Chiang Kai-shek. Though a variety of materials, this article tries to understand how Chiang Kai-shek regarded such topics, and tries to articulate the correspondences between the thought and actual deeds of Chiang. This article tells us that Chiang Kai-shek thought a “modern state” is a scientific, organizational, and ruled state. We can say this state is a militarized state. Because the conception of Chiang Kai-shek's “modern state” is different from the process that of modernization theory, we see a different mode of state building when Chiang ruled the Republic of China.