試論〈貧福論〉

A Study of Hin-fuko-ron Kenkou

《雨月物語》由九篇構成，篇篇都是充滿怪異性的短篇小說，是作者上田秋成採取怪異描寫手法刻畫人性頑冥偏執而成的作品。最終篇的〈貧福論〉亦不脫怪異本色。但相對於《雨月物語》其他各篇，作者揚棄以死者執著於陽世間愛慾情仇而陰魂不散留連人世以紓解心中塊壘，或是以復仇的手段來營造怪異世界的其他諸篇小說的創造模式，而採取以黃金精靈和節儉成癖的武士徹夜談古論今的方式，構築出迥然相異其他八篇的怪異世界。本篇出場人物少，故事單純，以從富貴立場談論戰國武將的興衰成敗為主軸，其作品特色與其說是出人意表的怪異性，毋寧說是秋成受到近世初期「談義本」（說教訓誡類書）的影響，創作核心不在於驚悚怪異，而是傾向於教訓性、批判性，導致本篇不若其他諸篇受到讀者愛讀，甚至有畫蛇添足之評。然而透過本篇所營造出的怪異性、充滿知性的言論、以及文末一段近乎諂媚當權者的政治性預言，可以窺知秋成本人及當代人的金錢觀、宗教觀、社會觀之鱗爪。因此，筆者除了對本篇作品的人物、典故等中日典籍資料進行探討之外，更進一步嘗試解析本篇特有的批判色彩、寓意性的訓說。特別是秋成身為知識人，縱情書海，不善營生，加以遭逢巨變，家財付之一炬。筆者擬透過秋成在字裡行間批判儒家佛教、富貴與努力不相稱等現象的言論，檢視憤世嫉俗的作者形諸於文的金錢觀及思想觀。

Ueda Akinari's Ugetsu-monogatari, consists of nine short fictions, was written in a weird method, full of horror. The ninth story “Hin-fuku-ron” is no exception. However, this story is based on the long talk of gold fairy and mean samurai through all night, different with the other eight stories in which the dead stick to their own grudge, creating weird world of revenge. Owing to few characters, simple plot and the samurai theme from the perspective of richness, this story is not as preferred as others. However, from the weirdness, knowledgeable discourse and a near-hypothetic appreciation for the power holders, it is not difficult for us readers to catch a glimpse of Ueda and the age's money value and religious value. The study discusses the characters and origins of the story, the critical tone and Zhuangtze's tale style; and the goal of this thesis is also to criticize Buddhism and Confucianism, to survey Ueda's special money value, thinking value, and the true aim of his political predictions.