提取引發遺忘刻板印象特質：跨類別抑制與評價不對稱性

Retrieval- Induced Forgetting of Stereotypical Traits: Cross- Category Inhibition and Valence Asymmetry

本研究以提取練習典範（retrieval practice paradigm; Anderson, R. A. Bjork, & E. L. Bjork, 1994）探討社會類別的刻板印象特質在記憶上的抑制。實驗一不僅發現提取引發遺忘（retrieval-induced forgetting）現象，同時也得到跨類別抑制（cross- category inhibition）的證據。提取練習一個社會類別的部分刻板印象特質不僅會抑制其另一半刻板印象特質，還會抑制其他社會類別下的相關刻板印象特質。實驗二探討刻板印象特質的正負向評價對提取引發遺忘現象的調節作用。實驗組的參與者提取練習社會類別的正向或負向特質；控制組則提取練習無關的自然類別。結果顯示，相較於控制組而言，提取練習一個社會類別的負向特質會抑制參與者對其正向特質的記憶，展現典型的提取引發遺忘現象；然而，提取練習一個社會類別的正向特質則不會抑制參與者對其負向特質的記憶。實驗二的結果顯示刻板印象特質的正負向評價調節提取引發遺忘現象的不對稱性，展現負向特質在記憶上的穩固現象。

The present research adapted retrieval practice paradigm (Anderson, R. A. Bjork, & E. L. Bjork, 1994) to investigate the memory inhibition of stereotypical traits. The results of experiment 1 show that retrieval practice on stereotypical traits impairs not only the later recall of other traits explicitly studied under the same social category, but also similar items under different category cues, providing evidence for cross- category inhibition. Experiment 2 examines whether valence of stereotypical traits will moderate retrieval- induced forgetting. In the retrieval practice phase, participants in our two experimental conditions performed retrieval practice on positive or negative traits of half of the studied social categories; participants in control group retrieved exemplars of a natural category as baseline. The results of experiment 2 demonstrated that positive and negative stereotypical traits are influenced in different ways by retrieval- induced forgetting. Comparing to the control group, participants who retrieved negative traits of half of the studied social categories inhibited memory for positive traits of those social groups; in contrast, participants who performed retrieval practice on positive aspects did not impair memory for negative traits of the practiced social groups. These findings suggest that negative stereotypical traits are dominant in memory and therefore can resist inhibition of retrieval practice.