Appendix情境相似性對負向促發的影響

The Effect of Contextual Similarity on Negative Priming

負向促發是指當之前干擾物變成目標物時，反應時間變慢的現象。學界對於此效果的成因持有抑制論與記憶提取論兩種觀點。其中，記憶提取論認為此現象是由於對目標物提取出之前「不反應」的記憶痕跡，而與當下反應互相干擾所造成。由於，情境相似性影響記憶提取，其對負向促發效果的影響可驗證此理論。本研究即探討情境相似性對負向促發的影響。實驗一重複之前的研究，對英文字母做按鍵反應作業，以驚嘆號是否出現於目標物與干擾物之間操控促發項及偵測項的情境的相似性，結果顯示負向促發效果，但此效果不受情境相似性的影響。實驗二加長目標物與干擾物的距離，則沒有負向促發效果出現，情境相似性亦無效果。本研究發現，目標物與干擾物距離短時，會出現負向促發效果，且不受情境相似性的影響。而當目標物與干擾物距離長時，不會出現負向促發效果。因此，本研究結果支持抑制論的觀點，而違反記憶提取論的預測。

This study examined the impact of contextual similarity on negative priming. In Ex-periment 1, we replicated a previous study by manipulating the presence and absence of an exclamation mark in the prime-probe couplet. The results showed negative priming and yet failed to show the influence of contextual similarity. In Experiment 2, we increased the distance between the target and the distractor to the same distance as was in a study that showed the effect of contextual similarity. The results showed neither negative priming nor the influence of contextual similarity. The results from these two experiments support the inhibition account of negative priming and are inconsistent with the prediction of the memory retrieval account.