類別舉例產生作業中處理層次對自動記憶的影響

Effects of Level-of-Processing on Automatic Memory in the Category-Exemplar Production Test

本文是以四個實驗，檢測自動激發記憶在類別舉例產生作業中的語意處理層次（LoP）效果。實驗一利用典型的「歷程分離程序（PDP）」，將自動激發記憶與意識回想記憶分開，結果顯示自動激發記憶並無LoP效果。實驗二則以修飾的PDP模式加上傳統的間接性指導語方式，其所測得的自動激發記憶與過去的研究相似，具顯著的LoP效果。實驗三和四重複實驗一和二的實驗設計，但延長學習與測試的時間間距為20分鐘，實驗結果分別與實驗一和二相似。綜合本研究結果顯不：（a）利用傳統的間接性指導語所測得的非意識記憶，常已是受意識回想記憶的污染；（b）在某些情況下，利用「歷程分離程序」所測得的意識回想記憶，可能會有低估的情形。

Four experiments were conducted to assess effects of level-of-processing on automatic memory in a category-exemplar production test. In Experiment 1, the process-dissociation procedure was used to separate automatic memory from recollection in the test. Results showed no effect of LoP on estimates of automatic memory. Experiment 2 investigated LoP effects on automatic memory in the test estimated by a modified version of the process-dissociation procedure and on that estimated from performance on an indirect version of the test. Consistent with conventional indirect studies, results of Experiment 2 showed a positive effect of LoP on automatic memory. Experiments 3 and 4 were the same as Experiments 1 and 2 except that the interval between study and test phases was set at 20 min. LoP effects in Experiments 3 and 4 were the same as those in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. These results suggest that (a) unconscious memory measured by conventional indirect tests is contaminated by conscious memory, and (b) conscious memory separated by the process-dissociation procedure may be underestimated under some conditions.