漢字辨認與唸讀裡的形似促發字相對出現頻率效果

Chinese Orthographic Priming in Lexical Decision and Naming

最近的研究一再顯示語意促發對漢字的辨認與唸讀有穩定的增快效果，但同音促發卻對認字沒有穩定的增快效果或沒有效果，反駁了流行的認為漢字辨識或提取語義之前一定介入語音處理歷程的看法。這些研究同時闡明了某些情況下穩定的形似促發之抑制效果。本文提出四個更進一步的實驗，希望深入探討形似促發字之抑制效果。目標字設定在中高頻字，採用非遮蔽促發程序的認字及唸字作業。實驗一操弄促發字之相對出現頻率、字形相似與否、及促發字呈現時間，測量反應時間。結果在兩種作業下都發現，較目標字更高頻的形似促發字在呈現時間為50及500毫秒時皆產生明顯的抑制作用。實驗二把實驗一的促發字呈現時間延長到1000毫秒，結果除了較目標字更高頻的形似促發字仍維持明顯的抑制作用外，較目標字更低頻的形似促發字也產生抑制作用效果。實驗三採用了與實驗一相同的設計，但加入了假字促發字的情況，結果重複了實驗一的結果，但假字不產生任何顯著效果。實驗四採用了實驗三相同的設計，同時加入了單獨部件出現的額外促發情境。結果複製了實驗三的結果，而且，單獨出現目標字內含部件的促發情況對目標字認字產生增快作用，但對唸字則不產生顯著影響效果。這些結果運用了神經機制模型的概念加以解釋，同時也闡明了漢字的文字特性導致某些異於拼音文字的認知功能。

Accompanied with the reliable facilitation effect of semantic (instead of homophonic) priming on character recognition and naming found in previous research, it was also observed that priming with orthographically similar characters inhibits recognition and naming of targets. The first two experiments manipulated prime character frequency, orthographic similarity, and SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony) in lexical decision and naming tasks. In the lexical decision task, the target characters which were preceded by an unmasked, orthographically similar prime of higher frequency were responded to slower than their dissimilar pair controls with SOAs of 50 ms and 500 ms. A similar inhibition effect was also observed in the naming task. When the SOA duration was extended to 1000 ms in Experiment 2, a significant inhibition effect was observed not only under conditions with primes of higher frequency but also with primes of lower frequency. In Experiment 3, pseudo-character primes were included. It was found that pseudo-character primes obtained no effect upon target recognition while manifesting a small inhibition effect on target naming under the prime exposure duration of 500 ms. In Experiment 4, an additional prime condition of free radicals in isolation was included. It was found in Experiment 4 that with the SOA of 50 ms or 500 ms, the embedded right component radical in isolation facilitated the recognition of the target character embedding it, while not exerting any effect on character naming.