社會支援知覺評估及因應與身心健康的關係

PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT, COPING AND MENTAL HEALTH

本研究以小樣本連續研究法及交叉延宕相關分析法說明供受雙方在支援的提供與獲得間的對等性及相互性評估，對社會支援知覺一致性的影響，並了解這些社會支援的知覺評估在「壓力－因應－身心健康」的關係中所扮演的角色。由研究結果可知，當個體認為他在社會交流的支援過程中，他提供支援與接受支援的效果是相等時，則供受雙方均認為彼此之間可以相互性地提供援助，以及需要援助時亦能獲得，並且此人亦覺得他評估受援助的效果與提供者的評估是一致的。社會支援的三種評估：對等性、相互性及知覺一致性，彼此是相互影響的，經由交叉延宕相關分析法，無法說明此種影響關係中，何者為因，何者為果，而是彼此互為因果關係。至於這些社會支援的知覺評估在「壓力－因應－身心健康」的關係中所扮演的角色，由結果中可說明的是，社會支援的對等性、相互性及知覺一致性愈高，個體比較不會傾向參與宗教上的活動，或是採取逃避與否認的因應方式。當個體面臨較多的生活事件時，其社會支援知覺一致性的得分愈高。不過，這三種社會支援知覺評估與身心症狀間並無顯著的關係。以交叉延宕相關分析方法得到個體的身心症狀愈多，會使其在往後更採用否認逃避的因應方式：當其身心症狀愈困擾時，愈不會採用問題解決的因應策略來處理繼續迎來的壓力。這結果說明身心症狀對因應的影響超過因應對身心症狀的影響。整體來說，在人際互動交流中的彼此付出的代價與利益獲得的評估，將影響人際的交往，而會影響社會支援的效果。同樣的，因應過程中的代價與利益的交換評估，亦將影響因應型態的選擇及其對身心健康的影響。

Using the panel study and cross-lagged correlation, this research detected the relationship of three kinds of perceived social support-equity, reciprocity, and perceived consistency. The other goal of this research is to assess the function of perceived social support in relationship to stress, coping and well-being. The results of this research are: When individual perceived the equity and reciprocity in giving and gaining support, the effect of social support that he assessed would be consistent with the supporter assessing. For cross-lagged correlation, there existed the multual realtions of equity, reciprocity and perceived consistency of social support. When individual assessed the higher equity, reciprocity and percieved consistency, he had fewer religious activities and coped his stress less with avoidance and denial. But no significant relationship existed between these three kinds of perceived social support and well-being. Cross-lagged correlation also detected that if individual had more psychological symptoms, then he would use more the coping style of avoidance and denial, and used less the promble-solving strategy in the future. Generally, the assessment of cost and benifit in interpersonal interaction will influence the effect of social support. In the same way, exchange of cost and benefit in coping process will also influence the selection of coping style and wellbeing.