我國憲法上未列舉權利之發展

The Development of Unenumerated Constitutional Rights in Taiwan

我國憲法第二章有關憲法權利的規範，包含具體列舉的第7到18及21條，以及概括肯認的第22條。此一規範結構明確顯示，憲法權利並非僅包括在憲法條文中被具體指名者。然而，在透過解釋承認未列舉之憲法權利時，得透過何等憲法依據？該等權利應符合何等實體標準？憲法第22條中「不妨害社會秩序公共利益」之要件應如何操作？未列舉權利所連結的保障程度與審查標準為何？均有待探索。我國釋憲實務所採之路徑，基本上是藉由憲法第22條此一單一管道引入後，為各項未列舉權開展各自的保護程度與審查操作，本文認為值得支持。在實體要件方面，其標準採擇之基本方向尚值肯定，惟說理上有再豐富的空間，且對於「不妨害社會秩序公共利益」要件，亦宜提出更明確的詮釋。

The bill of rights in Taiwan’s Constitution contains the provisions that indicate specific rights (articles 7-18 and 21) and the provision that provides general acknowledgement (article 22). This structure manifests that constitutional rights include not only specified rights but also unenumerated rights. However, what constitutional provision should be based on to recognize an unenumerated right? What requirements should be met? How should the Constitutional Court interpret the term “not detrimental to social order and public interests”? What kind of protection and review standards should be attached to a specific unenumerated right? The basic approach adopted by the Constitutional Court is to introduce unenumerated rights through article 22 and then develop individual protection and judicial review for each unenumerated right. This article supports the approach. In terms of the requirements for an interest to be recognized as a constitutional right, the standard that the Court adopts is sound in general. However, the Court should urther enrich its reasoning and provide more precise interpretation regarding the term “not detrimental to social order and public interests.”