臺灣學校心理師何去何從？──從現況評述、課程檢核到培育反思

PHENOMENON REVIEW, CURRICULUM INVESTIGATION, AND REFLECTIONS ON THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST IN TAIWAN

從心理師因校園需求而受邀協助學校輔導開始（1997年），到縣市確定設立學生諮商輔導中心與心理師聘任（2014年），臺灣中小學聘用專業輔導人力的歷程已二十年有餘。期間經歷了學生輔導法通過、明訂聘任心理師與社工師等專輔人員、以及近期全面納入輔導教師專聘等脈絡，形成了三種專業協同合作的團隊服務。在強化學校輔導的政策變革中，「學校心理師」（實為各縣市專聘協助學校輔導工作之諮商或臨床心理師）之專業培育（教）、能力檢核（考）、實務發揮（用）、在職專業發展（續）等重要議題，卻長期缺乏關注和討論。本文從三個焦點來探討心理師協助學校輔導工作的實然和應然。探究一，聚焦當前服務於中小學之心理師其「專業困境與實務內涵」，進行現況論述並與國外學校心理人才發展理念對比，評析臺灣當前所面對的挑戰。探究二，調查與檢核訓練歷程，採檔案分析方式，進行「培育系所之課程分析」，嘗試探討近年學校心理師養成之架構和要素；整體上（包括諮商與臨床心理學程）與美國國家學校心理師學會認證課程之十個課程內涵來進行分析發現：「介入和發展社會與生活層面心理健康的技巧」呈現明顯的高比例達54.70％，而後「研究與方案評鑑」（13.89％）和「介入和發展支持性的教學技巧」（13.45％）兩項則比例大幅銳減居次；其餘七項課程比例均小於5％，而「諮詢與協同工作」（0.22％)和「發展和學習的落差」（0.11％）兩項則近乎於零。兩類型學程相比，諮商組比率高於臨床組最大差異是「家庭－學校合作服務」、次之為「校園廣泛學習情況的改進」；臨床組比率高於諮商組差異最大的課程為「介入和發展支持性的教學技巧」、「資料運用、決策、解釋／衡鑑」。其中「臨床心理」組內並未設有「發展和學習的落差」領域的相關課程。探究三，對於未來臺灣學校心理師之「培育展望與專業發展」，本文從有系統的「教、考、用、續」觀點、發展脈絡的近況、限制與資源，以及國外文獻與制度等，來反思和建構其可能的定位與可能的認同。研究進一步對學校心理師之培育歷程、資源提供、政策反思和未來進階研究等議題，據以討論並提出相關建議。

Elementary schools and junior high schools have employed professional guidance staff for more than 20 years. Psychologists were first invited to help school guidance programs in 1997, and the government established Student Counseling Centers and hired school psychologists to work in the system in 2014. After the Student Guidance Law passed, standards and rules for the selection of school psychologists and social workers on campus were also set. More recently, the policy requires that full-time school counselors are hired. These three different professions form a collaborative team on campuses. While the policy has transformed and enhanced school guidance work, there remain four important issues facing school psychologists, which are: professional training (Education), abilities assessment (Examination), practice works (Application), and on-the-job professional development (Sustainability). This article discusses both the present experience of school psychologists and the ideal experience of school psychologists with three different aims. First, we aim to describe the professional difficulties and practice essentials that school psychologists who work in elementary and junior high schools face. We review the situation in Taiwan and compare it to western perspectives of school psychologists' professional development. Then, we evaluate the current challenges. Second, we present an analysis of ＂the curriculum of a school psychologist training program＂ which examines the training process and explores the framework and elements of school psychologists' development. We subsequently compare this analysis (including both counseling and clinical psychology programs) with the ten domains of school psychologist training courses recommended by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). The results indicate that the ratio of ＂Interventions & Mental Health Services to Develop Social & Life Skills＂ was highest at 54.70%, followed by the ＂Interventions & Instructional Support to Develop Academic Skills＂ (13.45%), and ＂Research & Program Evaluation＂ (13.89%). The ratios of the remaining seven components were all less than 5%, with ＂Consultation & Collaboration＂ (0.22%) and ＂Diversity in Development & Learning＂ (0.11%) closest to zero. Furthermore, we compared the ratio of the ten domains in counseling and clinical psychology training programs. Within counseling psychology training programs, the number of domains ＂Family-School Collaboration Services＂ and ＂School-Wide Practices to Promote Learning＂ were obviously higher than they were in clinical psychology programs. Within clinical psychology training programs, the number of domains ＂Interventions and Instructional Support to Develop Academic Skills＂ and ＂Data-Based Decision Making and Accountability＂ were obviously higher than the number of domains in counseling psychology programs. Furthermore, there were a lack of courses about ＂Diversity in Development and Learning＂ offered in clinical psychology programs. Third, the article titled ＂Vision of Training and Professional Development＂ constructs and reflects on some possible identities and positions for a school psychologist in Taiwan through a systematic review. Vision of training and professional development integrates the four important issues in the training process (education, examination, application, and sustainability), the reality of school psychologist development limitations in Taiwan, and the international literature and policies. This article further discusses and provides suggestions for addressing issues related to school psychologists, which includes the training process, resource sharing, policy restructuring, and future research.