二十世紀初中韓士人的「排滿」思想──以章太炎和鄭喬為線索

＂Expelling the Manchus＂ and Chinese and Korean Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century: The Thoughts of Zhang Taiyan and Zheng Qiao

二十世紀初，在救亡圖存的時代命題下，明清鼎革後形成的「排滿」記憶與觀念成為章太炎、鄭喬等中韓知識分子共同指向的思想資源。章、鄭不僅以明史書籍為紐帶有所交往，二者「排滿」思想的暗合更在章氏《訄書》初刻本〈帝韓〉篇達到頂峰，該篇強調尊朝鮮、黜清朝，實乃章氏為早年的改良主張所作的最後理論補充，其後章氏轉向革命立場，〈帝韓〉篇亦遭到刪除。事實上，由於兩國具體國情的差異，雙方雖同樣標舉「排滿」，內裡的動機與目的卻完全不同。鄭喬等韓國近代知識分子是以「排滿」思想來排清、排日，尋求國家的獨立自主；以章大炎為代表的清末民初革命黨人則旨在發動「排滿革命」推翻清朝統治，建立以漢族為主，甚至涵攝朝鲜在內的「中華民國」。他們基於不同的歷史境況做出了各自的選擇，這也標示著中、韓在近代以來的不同發展道路。

At the beginning of the 20th century and operating within the context of national salvation, the memory and the concept of ＂expelling the Manchus＂ 排滿, which had formed after the collapse of the Ming dynasty, became an ideological resource for Zhang Taiyan 章太炎 (1868-1936), Zheng Qiao 鄭喬 (1856-1925), and other Chinese and Korean intellectuals. Zhang and Zheng not only interacted with each other through written works on the history of the Ming dynasty, but both also included the notion of ＂expelling the Manchus＂ within their thinking, which is clearly reflected in the chapter ＂Di Han＂ 帝韓 found in Qiushu 訄書. The chapter emphasizes the importance of Korea and dismisses the legitimacy of Qing dynasty as well as being the final addition that Zhang made towards his reformist stance during his early years; however, after Zhang's shift towards revolutionary thought, the chapter ＂Di Han＂ was deleted. Due to differences in specific national conditions, although both countries employed the concept of ＂expelling the Manchus,＂ internal motivations and purposes completely differed. For example, Zheng Qiao and other Korean intellectuals of the modern era utilized the notion of ＂expelling the Manchus＂ to exclude both the Qing dynasty and Japan, seeking national independence. In contrast, revolutionary thought in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China, represented by Zhang Taiyan, aimed to launch a revolution of ＂expelling the Manchus＂ to overthrow Qing dynastic rule, and thus, establish the ＂Republic of China,＂ which was to be dominated by the Han nationality, even including Korea. In this way, both parties had made their own choices based on different historical circumstances, which in turn, also marked the different development paths for China and Korea moving forward.