科舉制度與清末上海書業市場：以崇德公所和書業公所為中心的探討

The Civil Service Examination System and the Shanghai Book Market in the Late Qing: A Study of the Chongde Guild and the Book Guild

太平天國戰後，憑藉在通商口岸體系中的特殊地位，上海的書籍貿易日趨繁盛。此後，隨著採用西式印刷技術進行書籍商業化生產的民營書局大量出現，上海迅速取代南京、蘇州、杭州等地成為江南乃至全國的書籍產銷中心。1905年科舉停罷，上海書業也度過了它從無到有的發軔期。先行研究已相當詳細地考察了此一時期上海書業的歷史概況、印刷技術、書業機構，乃至書籍的傳播、閱讀和文化闡釋等問題。然而，從書業中的人和群體出發，對發軔時期上海書業的市場特徵、經營策略、行業組織之衍變，以及行業經濟與社會制度之關係等問題的探討，仍有繼續開拓的空間。本文以清末上海最早的兩個書業同業組織──崇德公所和書業公所──為中心來討論這些問題。本文認為，科舉制度不僅為書業提供出版內容，更是塑造清末書業市場的決定性因素和書業經營始終遵循的行動指南。儘管上海書業兩次發起公所的目的各異，前者旨在聯絡坊、局以順應書業產銷分工的新趨勢；後者則意圖解決書業濫價、翻印痼疾，但是兩個公所設立的初衷、時機和結果，卻從未跳脫科舉思維。換言之，科舉制度的影響如此之深，不但決定了清末上海書業的市場特徵和經營策略，甚至決定了書業行業社會演進的方向及其成效。

After the Taiping Rebellion, Shanghai's book trade became increasingly prosperous and with the appearance of commercial printer-publishers which adopted Western-style printing technology, Shanghai became the regional, if not national, center for book production and sales. The nascent stage of Shanghai's book industry ended in 1905 when the imperial civil service examination system was abolished. Studies of Shanghai's book industry have focused on technology and impact but relatively neglected its market traits, business strategies, industry associations, and the relationship between the industrial economy and social institutions. This article tells the stories of the Chongde Guild and the Book Guild, the first two book guilds in late Qing Shanghai. I argue that the civil service examination system not only provided content for publishers, but also determined the business practices of the late Qing book industry. Although the two guilds had different aims, the former trying to coordinate the relationship between production and sales departments, while the latter tried to solve the problem of low-price competition (lanjia) and reprinting (fanyin), neither abandoned practices that had been shaped by the examination system. In other words, the opportunities and limitations brought by the examination system determined the market traits and business strategies of the book industry, and even the direction and effectiveness of its social evolution.