代理難題及典則理論的評估：維和行動的文獻回顧

The Evaluation of the Principal-Agent Problems and Regime Theory: Reviewing Studies on Peacekeeping Operations

本文目的在於透過回顧以維和行動為客體的研究，呈現相關研究在國際組織研究及新自由主義架構下的貢獻與不足之處。第一，代理難題仍是相關研究最常用以檢視這類議題的架構，源於分工不明與利益衝突的代理難題是最常出現的現象，同時也是這類研究偏好的議題。第二，資訊失衡造成的代理難題雖可能對維和行動的效力產生最大的負面影響，但卻較少被研究。第三，相關研究與實踐侵蝕了典則理論的主張如下：其一，非民主國家在重複賽局的架構下並未改變其對維和行動的觀點，這樣的現象挑戰了典則理論對聲譽及議題聯結的主張。其二，聯合國對部隊紀律的不作為侵蝕了獎懲機制的前提，暗示著聯合國對人道干預與人權價值的尊重不足。第三，聯合國對民主和平的期待與對民主化的支持，造成聯合國與地主國之間的資訊失衡，反而帶來更多的困難與挑戰。

By reviewing the studies about peacekeeping operations, this essay focuses on the contributions and contradictions of those studies and the neoliberalism arguments about international organization studies. Firstly, the principal-agent problems (PA problems) are not only the most common phenomena in the practice of the peacekeeping operations but also are the wide-adapted framework in those studies, particularly on those PA problems that originated from the vague division of labor and from the severe conflict of interests. Secondly, PA problems stemmed from information asymmetry are less studied, even though these problems cause more negative effect on peace duration in the post-conflict society, as well as on the efficacy of peacekeeping operations. Finally, the comparison between those studies and the reality erodes some arguments from international regime theory. Given the repeat-play interaction, while the neo-liberalists argue the assessment of state's reputation and the existence of issue linkage would influence states to change their values, the non-democratic countries do not adjust their views on operations and their responsibility to protect. Further, the lack of reward-punishment mechanism on the disciplines of peacekeepers not only erodes the presumption of regime theory but also implies that the United Nations does not respect humanitarian intervention and human rights enough. Finally, the expectation on democratic peace and the support of democratization held by the United Nations triggers the information-asymmetry PA problem between the host countries and the United Nations, which as a result bring more difficulties and challenges for peacekeeping missions.