德國刑事訴訟上使用衛星定位技術進行監察之研究

A Research on the Use of Satellite Positioning Technology for the Criminal Proceedings Purpose in Germany

從個人的習慣事實可以推論他的個性，藉此來掌握他的喜好。在刑事訴追上，這樣的方法留下了有用的線索，從最早的足跡到現在的IP、手機位置資訊。「凡走過必留下痕跡」，「追蹤」的想法一直沒變，且方法不斷地在進化。衛星定位技術，像是GPS，在日常生活中，使用者利用這樣的技術作為帶路的工具，是為了解決他「有效率地到達特定地方」的需要，也是一種現代生活的習慣。按照技術原理的被動性，這件事情應該只有使用者自己知道，不過，「這件事情被分享出去」描述的就是「追蹤」，透過機器的位置可以用來推論使用者的所在，並且因此掌握他的下落，資料累積多了或者搭配使用其他的調查措施，可以確定待查明的事實。這樣的想法，在德國，為了達到刑事訴訟的目的也被想到了。從1999年杜賽多夫邦最高法院的一則刑事判決開始，歷經所有的德國法院程序後進到歐洲人權法院，跑了完整的審查機制，隨著技術的進步，不只是原先的爭執部分，也因為與通信功能的匯流整合擴大了新的討論區塊。在科技匯流的趨勢背景下對衛星定位技術深入的討論，確定了衛星定位技術用於刑事訴追目的的正當性。本文想對這個案件所引發的德國立法發展作一個體系性的介紹，希望藉此提供我們在思考此問題時具有啟發性的切入角度與思考步驟。

It is said that an Individual's personality can be deduced from his or her habitual facts which in turn can lead to revelations of one's own preferences. In criminal proceedings, such method leaves a useful trace. From the earliest footprint to contemporary IP address, and mobile phone location data, the idea of ＂tracking＂ has not changed and has been constantly evolving. In daily life, individuals use positioning technology, such as GPS as a tool to find a way to meet one's needs of ＂arriving in a specific place efficiently＂. Because of passive nature of this type of technology, users of this technological tool are said to be the only knowers. However, it can be argued that the notion of ＂the thing is being shared＂ can be considered as ＂tracking＂ as the positioning of the equipment can reveal users' locations and determine their whereabouts. With the accumulation of such information or the use of other investigative measures, we can therefore determine matters that we would like to discover. In Germany, the above-mentioned idea has also been noted in order to achieve the purpose of criminal proceedings. From the procedures of the German courts to the European Court of Human Rights, the review mechanism was completed. With the advancement of technology, the original part of the dispute plus the integration of information communication, discussion in this field has been expended. Through the background of this trend of technology, integration in the satellite positioning technology has been greatly examined to ensure the legitimacy of satellite positioning technology for criminal prosecution purposes. This article will systematically introduce the development of German legislation regarding this case with the hopes of providing more cutting-edge thought processes and inspiring insights when considering this issue.