文盲、法盲與司法權威的社會效力範圍變遷

Illiteracy, Legal Illiterate and the Transition of the Social Effective Scope of Judicial Authority

中國古代的司法權威是一種在當時有著全社會效力的等級制權威，這不僅是由於中國古代的法律與常識、道德在社會意義上有著連貫性與通透性，而且還因為中國古代通過“文盲／讀書人”這一差異化的社會範疇，以及科舉制對於物質與社會資本巨大的不對稱分配，使得當時的司法官集合了在學問、道德、地位、財富與權力上超越於其他階層的大部分優勢。而到了功能分化的現代社會，多數人都變成了法盲。現代社會中的法盲不僅體現在對法律規範知識內容的無知上，也體現在對法律制度意義的隔膜上，於是法官也失去了對其他群體的整體性優勢。為了樹立法官的全社會性權威，一方面，應通過道德化的信息來裝扮現代法律制度的“前台”，從而以一種認知成本較低的方式來傳達法律制度“後臺”的專業可靠性；另一方面，應當借鑒傳統司法權威的建構方式，將不同社會領域的優點集合於法官身上，從而將法官打造成較高“等級”的社會階層。

The judicial authority of ancient Chinese society is a kind of hierarchy authority with whole social effect. It is not only because the meaning of the law, common sense and moral of ancient society are coherent and thorough, but also ancient judiciary had gathered most of advantages about knowledge, moral, status, treasure and power to transcend other social stratum, due to the difference category illiteracy/intellectual and asymmetric distribution of social and matter capital brought by imperial examination system. In the modern society of functional differentiation, most people become law-ignorant. The phenomenon of legal illiterates not only embodies the ignorance of legal norm knowledge, but also the estrangement of the meaning of modern legal systems. Judges also lose the whole advantage of other group. In order to set up the whole social authority, we should dress up the foreground of modern legal systems by moral information and then can infer the inherent reliability of backstage through a kind of method of lower cognitive cost. On the other hand, we should borrow the judicial authority construction method and concentrate the advantages of different social fields on judges, thus mold judges into superior social stratum.