從效率與公平評估臺灣的大學入學制度改革

Evaluating Taiwan's Matriculation Reform from the Perspectives of Efficiency and Fairness

本文依據效率及效益主義、極端自由主義和羅爾斯社會正義論這三種道德理論的公平觀，評估民國73年以後的大學入學制度改革。73年的改革解除女性職涯限制及提升上大學機會，既增加媒合效率，也符合三種公平觀。83年後的多元入學制度減緩傳統聯考向家庭背景具優勢者傾斜的趨勢。繁星使低所得家庭及非都會區高中生更有機會進入理想大學，符合羅爾斯的公平觀；推甄、繁星與申請讓學生和校系直接自行配對，滿足極端自由主義的公平觀。三種入學管道的學生在穩定性、學業表現和學習滿意度都高於指考學生，顯示其提高了效率，且符合效益主義的公平觀。 This study evaluates Taiwan's matriculation reform after 1984 from the perspectives of efficiency and three conceptions of fairness in moral theory-utilitarianism, libertarianism, and Rawlsian social justice. The matriculation reform of 1984 removed limitations on women's career choices and enhanced women's opportunities to go to college. It also enhanced efficiency and satisfied all three conceptions of fairness. The Multiple Admission Program after 1994 mitigated the influence of family background in the traditional matriculation system. Multi-Star Admission enabled students in low-income families and nonmetropolitan schools to enter top colleges, satisfying Rawlsian social justice. The Admission via Recommendation, Multi-Star Admission, and Admission via Application programs allowed students to be paired with colleges according to their own wills directly, satisfying libertarianism. Students admitted by the Admission via Recommendation, Multi-Star Admission, and Admission via Application programs had high stability, grades and satisfaction. Accordingly, these three types of admission enhanced efficiency, which is in line with utilitarianism.