《抱朴子內篇》的仙道倫理

The Divine Ethics of the Inner Chapters of Baopuzi

《抱朴子內篇》的倫理思想可分兩部分：一者為重整儒家倫理；一者是建構仙道倫理。以前者而言，葛洪看待儒家倫理的態度十分複雜：批評、挪借、調和、回應，兼而有之，故本文統稱為「重整」；就後者來說，葛洪試圖建構一個「成仙方術」與「仙道倫理」並存的思想體系，本文以後者為論述主軸。其仙道倫理的核心為功德論，並據此導出「餘慶」與「懲報」兩大前提，建立「積善成仙」論。再者，為了保證其學說的必然性，葛洪又融入了漢代司命神一類的民間信仰，並從中調和天神償報與現實經驗之間的矛盾。此外，葛洪也制定了修仙者必須服膺的道戒，並提出補過贖罪的辦法。 The treatise on ethics found in The Inner Chapters of Baopuzi can be divided into two parts. The first is the reconstruction of Confucian ethics and the second is the construction of Taoist ethics. As for the former, Ge Hong's views are quite complicated as he simultaneously critiques, borrows concepts from Confucian ethical thought, adjusts and offers responses to it as well as eliminate the contradiction between it and Taoist ethical thought. In light of the complexity of his revisions to Confucian ethics, this paper thus views Ge Hong's treatise on Confucian ethics as a reconstruction. As for the latter, Ge Hong attempts to create a thought system that unites the Taoist methods for becoming divine with its ethics. This is the primary focus of this study. Taoist ethics are centered around the “Treatise on merits and virtue”(功德論) and this treatise serves as the foundation for the concepts of “good karma” (餘慶) and “bad karma” (懲報), the system that states that good deeds are part of reaching divine transcendence. Furthermore, in order to ensure the necessity of his treatise, he incorporated certain folk beliefs of his time into his ethical thought. For example, he incorporated the belief in a deity that determines the length of one's life or the “Assuming deity” (司命神) of the Han dynasty. In this treatise, he not only resolves the contradictions between these beliefs and mundane life but also sets the commandments for reaching divinity as well as the methods for reconciling the breaking of these rules.