當直接統治遭遇邊疆風俗：十八到十九世紀湖南苗疆的令典、苗俗與「亂苗」

When Direct Governance Encounters Frontier Customs: Institutions, Miao Customs and “Miao Bandits” in the Miao Frontier of Western Hunan from the Eighteenth to Nineteenth Centuries

本文嘗試細描清代苗疆風俗及開闢後實施直接統治的具體內涵，由此檢討明清南部邊疆社會發展由國家、移民等外部因素或者物質資源決定的解釋框架，並豐富學界對直接統治的理解。本研究表明，士大夫移風易俗的邊疆「苗俗」，是本土賴以運行的文化機制和社會秩序的有機組成。十八世紀以來苗疆直接統治的建立，經歷了國家推廣的文化體系與「苗俗」的劇烈互動。正是邊疆「苗俗」與前朝政治遺產，共同參與形塑了苗疆在基層設置、文武職責、法律體系、戶籍與賦稅等方面的具有彈性的、多元直接統治。「苗俗」與這套多元直接統治系統的衝突，直接導致了當地「亂苗」頻現與乾嘉苗民起事的爆發。 By examining the practice of Miao customs under the imperial government's direct ruleduring the Qing dynasty, this article examines how this rule was implemented in the newly opened western Hunan Miao frontier. It also reviews the existing explanations of social transformation since the Ming dynasty, which emerged from changes determined by external factors such as state institutions, immigration, and material resources. This article shows that the frontier Miao customs were an organic component of the local cultural mechanism and social order. The establishment of direct governance over the Miao frontier experienced vigorous interaction between the state-promoted cultural system and the existing Miao customs. Having incorporated the political legacies of previous dynasties, Miao customs played a crucial part in shaping flexible and pluralistic direct rule in the Miao frontier region. Overall, they produced conditions that saw infrastructural development, civil and military duties, a legal system, household registration, and taxation. They also directly contributed to the outbreak of the Miao uprising in the reigns of the Qinglong and Jiaqing Emperors.