七七事變之前的冀察政務委員會

The Hebei-Chahar Political Council of Nationalist China before the Sino-Japanese War, 1935-1937

本文主旨在探討抗戰前夕北平「冀察政務委員會」的成立以至結束，在華北區域史或地方政權制度史上，所具有的意義與角色；並嘗試透過「華北本位」的概念，理解該會存在的背景、工作項目，及其所形成的中央－地方關係。本文除了前言、結語，另分4節，第一節討論冀察會在當年南北歧見、「華北放棄論」氛圍下的誕生背景。第二節分析該會制度層面，諸如組織章程、委員成分，及其對政權、財稅權之支配。第三節探討該會各工作項目，包括察東交涉、冀東收回、經濟提攜與華北通航等。第四節闡述該會與第29軍內部分化的壓力，及此一分化對於七七事變爆發、冀察會落幕的影響。結論部分，本文強調如由「華北本位」概念出發，訴求者多以華北遭棄，質疑中央冷漠無能，營造之為「逃難」、「過客」的形象，而歸結為歡迎新政權，或預言未來「鳩佔鵲巢」之不可免。而細究冀察會實際工作項目，如華北通航，是中央意見不一，推諉地方；又恐地方內外勾串，形成難制之局；如經濟提攜，是日方利權難以取諸中央，自然壓迫地方；地方買空賣空，也無法上報中央，以致暗盤層出不窮；如中日國交調整，地方當局夾處兩「大」之間，地位兩難；卻又恐中央越俎代庖，加重地方關係之緊張。冀察會的歷史角色或屬性，當可由此中另求之。 The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the establishment and operation of the ''Hebei-Chahar Political Council'' of the Nationalist government on the eve of the Sino-Japanese war, and be divided into four parts. The first part will start with the so-called ''North China Abandonment Theory'' under the difference between the northern and southern Chinese localism, to discuss the birth of the Council. The second part will analyze the institutional level of this Council itself, such as the composition of the committee members, the constitution of the organization, and its domination of political and financial power, etc. The third part explores the various work items of the Council, including negotiations over the east Chahar province; the recovery of the east Hebei province from the puppet regime; economic support from Japanese in northern China; and opening to air traffic in northern China. The fourth part explains the pressure from the internal divisions of the Council and the 29th Army, and the impact of this pressure on the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937. In the past, the ''Hebei-Chahar Political Council'' was always placed as a separatist product of the Japanese, or buffer regime in north China for Nanjing government, or the infighting between the ''new warlords'' inside China. This paper attempts to understand these phenomena from an angle of regional history of north China, and explore the historical course of this Council.