早期中國東南原住人群──以山越和姓氏為例的探討

Aborigines in Early Southeast China (ca. 200-600 C.E.): The Case of Shanyue (Mountain Yue) and Surname Analysis

這篇論文主要研究漢末與魏晉南北朝時期的中國東南原住人群，地域涵蓋當前的皖南山地、浙江中南部以及福建。本文由兩個部分所構成，一是對山越的若干探討，一是早期東南姓氏的研究。在本研究涵蓋的區域，兩漢時期幾乎都是原住人群的聚居地，漢末以後，郡縣統治和華夏化逐漸擴大，但土著及其後裔仍然是社會的主體。關於這些人群，記載非常稀少，連族稱都很難看到，以致學界只有零星的認識，本文希望有所突破。關於早期東南人群，孫吳的山越是唯一訊息比較集中的個案。本文關注山越作為人群的性質，主要討論他們的族群色彩以及他們與國家和主流社會的關係。對於這些課題，本文在深入程度和系統性上應該勝於以往的研究。本文也對早期東南姓氏進行考察，而這部分是和一個方法論的考慮相連結的。作者以為，為了追求對歷史經驗的多方了解，歷史研究應該積極面對文獻記載稀少的課題，因為這些課題往往涉及眾多的人口和重要的社會文化結構。對於資料缺乏所帶來的限制，可以審慎運用「尋求最佳解釋的推論」（inference to the best explanation）的原理，廣泛搜尋具有推論潛能的訊息。姓氏是一種零散的訊息，孤立來看，大多缺乏知識意義，但如果大範圍、長時段內蒐集，有可能偵測出重要的現象。東南人群至遲從東漢晚期就普遍使用漢姓或漢式姓氏，本文對此進行研究，得出有關東南土著的重要認識。 This study investigates aboriginal populations in southeast China approximately from the end of Han to the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. The geographical area covered includes the mountain regions of modern southern Anhui (Anhui south of Yangtze River), central and southern Zhejiang, and the entirety of modern Fujian. This article consists of two parts. One part is on Shanyue peoples (Mountain Yue) of the Wu state of the Three Kingdoms era and shortly before, and the other tries to draw a picture of aboriginal populations in early southeast China through an analysis of surnames in that area and adjacent regions. During the Han era, the territories covered in this study were predominantly inhabited by aborigines. Even after the Han, for a long period, aborigines and their descendants still constituted the main population. But there is a conspicuous lack of historical materials about these populations; even ethnonyms are hard to find. As a result, the knowledge about these populations has been extremely vague, and this study intends to improve the situation. With regard to aborigines in early southeast China, Shanyue is the only case where a significant amount of information exists. This article presents a detailed examination of the ethnic characteristics of Shanyue and their relationships with the Wu state and mainstream society. On these subjects, this article probably exceeds previous researches in depth and systemization. This article also investigates surnames in early southeast China. The task comes out of a methodological consideration. The author holds that for the sake of achieving a comprehensive understanding of historical experience, historians should confront the issue of how to work on subjects lacking in source materials. It is because these subjects are often of great importance and related to a large portion of a given society. In dealing with the limits brought about by the paucity of source materials, we historians could utilize with caution the epistemological principle known as ''inference to the best explanation.'' We could collect information with great inferential potential and try to detect phenomena usually hidden from eyesight. Surname is an integral part of the Chinese name system that was firmly established before the Qin unification of China in 221 B.C. and that played an important role in acculturating peoples in areas that later became parts of China. Surnames are normally fragmentary information with little significance in isolation. But if we collect them broadly, systematically and from a long period of time, important findings may come out. Aboriginal peoples in southeast China adopted Chinese or Sinic surnames widely, the latest by the second century C.E. The present article examines the related information, and offers important insights into these peoples and their relationship with Chinese civilization.