破解二元對立，改寫能動主體：性暴力受害者脆弱性的正面意義

Understanding the Rape Victim: Moving Beyond Binary Opposition of Agency and Vulnerability

社會論述再現性暴力經驗時，經常誤解受害者主體。台灣現有文獻雖已提出不少批判觀點，但仍應繼續發展理解受害者的適當分析框架。本文以「能動主體」的概念，從個體在結構下的資源與限制之觀點，重新建構主體概念，旨在重讀性暴力受害者。本文的重點在於批判社會論述中的二元對立化約論─關於強暴是什麼的「同意或不同意」（第二節）、關於主體位置的「被害者或能動主體」（第三節）、關於人性的「能動性或脆弱性」（第四節）。本文主張，這些非此即彼、被二元化約的兩極，侷限了認知框架，使得非坐落於光譜兩極的性暴力經驗難以被發覺，甚至被誤讀，也造就了社會論述中譴責被害者的重要資源。為了避免上述問題，必須拒絕二元對立化約論，一方面應打斷「能動性－陽剛氣概－主體位置」的鏈結關係，避免追求完全能動性，致力翻轉過去控制文化的理解模式；另一方面，必須在認識論上翻轉脆弱性的意義，從負面轉向正面，唯有保持所有人皆易感、易受傷的脆弱性，才得以具備能動性，而發展一種協助受害者的倫理。本文建議，女性主義政治應該以此種新的認識論為基礎，致力發展改變社會主流強暴論述的策略與行動。 Although there is some feminist literature in Taiwan criticizing how the social discourse misunderstands the agency of the rape victim, very little touches upon the operation of social discourses that dominate the way in which rape victims are perceived, judged, and evaluated. This paper aims to explore the cognitive distortion of social discourses regarding rape victims, and discusses the possibility for change in terms of reinterpreting the concept of agency and vulnerability. Western feminist literature is reviewed and it is argued that the binary oppositions of “consent/nonconsent” in the defining of rape, “victim/agent” in subject position, and “agency/vulnerability” in human nature, have all resulted in the social production of victim condemnation. In order to escape the dilemma of identifying rape victims only in accordance with this dichotomy, it is important to understand that other points of reference exist along the continuum. In achieving this, a new epistemology of rape can emerge that not only connotes a more positive understanding of vulnerability but also reshapes the idea of agency by breaking its links with masculinity in the subject position of the victim. This paper concludes by suggesting how feminist politics can strive towards transforming rape discourses based on this new epistemology.