中國大陸國家監察體制改革研究－－以修憲後監察委員會為視角

Research on the Reform of the National Supervision System in China: From the Perspective of the Supervision Committee Established by Constitutional Amendment

憲法是國家的根本大法，是對國家權力運行體制機制等重要問題的原則性、綱領性規定，而修改憲法更是一個國家政治生活中的一件大事，是對國家面臨國內外的重大變局或時代潮流的需要所進行的政治改革。2018年3月11日，中共當局通過1982年憲法的第五次修正案，設置國家級反貪腐機構──監察委員會，這是國家監察體制改革的頂層設計，對監察體制、政治權力及黨政關係的重大調整，把全面反腐向縱深推進，並為監察委員會的設立提供憲法根據。十九大後，習近平的權力達到空前的頂峰，在修憲時將「中國共產黨領導」寫入憲法條文，並刪除國家主席任期的限制，面對此一情勢，國家監察體制必須進行相應的改革，除了順應改革這一時勢的需求之外，更象徵在反貪腐調查方面的權力全面制度化。腐敗是當前中共當局所面臨的最大威脅，深化國家監察體制改革是十九大所提出的具體改革目標，由此可知，監察委員會在未來中國的政治結構中將扮演徵為重要的角色，足跡將遍及到黨和國家的各個方面，無怪乎有人說到，十七大後看政法委，十八大後看中紀委，十九大後看監察委。近年來，中共當局正極力推動全面依法治國，積極建構法治政府，不過，法治的精神，即不論想做什麼，一定要有充分的理由和根據，而依法治國的精神，更是強調監察委員會的一切所為，都應該依法行政，遵循法律規定的要求，因此，國家監察體制改革，既要關注權力的配置，更要關注權利的保障，監察委員除了注意廉政與反腐的任務之外，更是不能忽視人權的保障，而監察委員會的一舉一動，正是檢驗中共當局是否真正貫徹依法治國決心的試金石。 The Constitution is the fundamental law of the country and the principled and programmatic stipulation of the important issues such as the system and mechanism of the operation of state power. The amendment of the Constitution is a major event in the political life of a country and a political reform for the country facing major changes at home and abroad or the needs of the trend of the times. On March 11, 2018, through the Fifth Amendment of the 1982 Constitution, the Chinese Communist authorities set up a national anti-corruption body, the Supervisory Committee, which is the top-level design of the reform of the national supervisory system. It has made significant adjustments to the supervisory system, political power and the relationship between the Party and the government, pushed forward the comprehensive anti-corruption in depth, and set up the Supervisory Committee. Provide constitutional basis. After the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping's power reached an unprecedented peak. When amending the Constitution, he wrote “the leadership of the Communist Party of China” into the provisions of the Constitution and deleted the limitation of the term of office of the President of the State. Faced with this situation, the state supervision system must be reformed accordingly. In addition to meeting the needs of the current situation of reform, it is more symbolic of opposit The power of corruption investigation is fully institutionalized. Corruption is the greatest threat facing the current Chinese Communist authorities. Deepening the reform of the national supervision system is the specific reform goal proposed by the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. From this, we can see that the supervision committee will play an important role in the future political structure of China, and its footprint will cover all aspects of the Party and the country. In recent years, the Chinese Communist authorities are making great efforts to promote the rule of law in an all-round way and actively construct a government ruled by law. However, the spirit of the rule of law, that is, whatever you want to do, must have sufficient reasons and grounds. The spirit of the rule of law, in particular, emphasizes that all the actions of the Supervisory Committee should be administered according to law and abide by the requirements of the law. Therefore, in the reform of the national supervision system, attention should be paid not only to the allocation of power, but also to the protection of rights. In addition to the tasks of clean government and anti-corruption, the supervisors should not ignore the protection of human rights.