江戶日本人建立「日式區域秩序」的設想——以近松門左衛門、佐藤信淵、吉田松陰為中心

豐臣秀吉發動的「侵朝征明」的壬辰戰爭最終以失敗告終，這不只意味著日本試圖通過武力方式構建區域秩序行動的失敗，更直接促使後繼者德川家康採取了保守型的對外策略。雖然，江戶幕府成立伊始即放棄了對外擴張的行動，但江戶日本人卻從未放棄擊敗中國進而建立以日本為主導的區域秩序的「夢想」，尤其是當日本的外部局勢發生變動之時，江戶學者便緊接著設計出吞併周邊國家以及武力侵略中國的「構想」，因為只有在軍事上擊敗中國，才能實現日式區域秩序的建立。即使這一思想不是江戶思想的主流，卻明顯地間接影響了明治日本的對外擴張政策。因此，本文以十七世紀中期的「明清鼎革」、十八世紀前期的「西方滲透」和十九世紀中期的「培里來航」三個時段為歷史背景，以近松門左衛門的《國姓爺合戰》、佐藤信淵的「宇內混同說」和吉田松陰的「對外擴張論」為中心，解讀他們的日本對外擴張（主要是針對中國）「構想」。這意味著，對於明治日本對外擴張及侵佔中國思想的研究，不能只局限於近代日本的視角，更不應忽視近代之前的研究視域。 The Imjin War (1592-1598) launched by Toyotomi Hideyoshi ended in failure. Not only did it mean the failure of Japan's attempt in constructing regional order by force, but also it resulted in Tokugawa Ieyasu's conservative foreign policy strategy. Although the Edo Bakufu gave up its outward expansion at the beginning of its establishment, some Edo Japanese never stopped “dreaming” of defeating China and establishing a Japan-dominated regional order. Especially when the external environment changed, Edo scholars always responded with proposals to invade neighboring countries and China. Only if China was defeated militarily, was Japanese regional order established. Even if the idea was not the mainstream of Edo thought, it indirectly affected Meiji Japan's policy on foreign expansion. This article thus attempts to interpret the conceptions of Japan's expansion towards China. The scope of the research is across three periods including the “Ming-Qing Change Era” in the mid-17th century, the “Western Infiltration” in the early 18th century, and the “Matthew C. Perry's Expedition to Japan” in the mid-19th century. My discussion focuses on Chikamatsu Monzaemon's “The Battles of Coxinga”, Satō Nobuhiro's “Secret Strategy for Expansion”, and Yoshida Shōin's “External Expansion Theory”. I intend to argue that research on Meiji Japan's outward expansion and its invasion to China cannot confine its discussions to the perspective of modern Japan and should not overlook discourses in pre-modern Japan.