鈣與硼對番茄果實尻腐病發生情形與品質之影響

Effects of Calcium and Boron on Blossom-end Rot Occurrence and Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fruits

番茄（Solanum lycopersicum L.）為世界重要經濟作物，然而在番茄商業生產區常有缺鈣相關生理障害－－尻腐病（blossom-end rot, BER）的發生並造成經濟損失。因此，本研究採用介質耕栽培不同品種之商用大果番茄，探討養液鈣與硼濃度對尻腐病發生情形及果實品質的影響。分別進行三次試驗，試驗一：2013年冬作鈣濃度試驗，處理期間養液鈣濃度為20、40和80 mg．L^(-1)（0.5、1.0和2.0 mM）；試驗二：2014年夏作硼濃度試驗，處理期間養液硼濃度為0.33、0.50、0.74和1.11 mg．L^(-1)（30.0、45.0、67.5和101.0μM）；試驗三：2014年冬作硼濃度試驗，處理期間養液硼濃度為0.28、0.55和1.10 mg．L^(-1)（25、50和100μM）。試驗一栽培10個大果番茄商業品種，並處理上述3種不同鈣濃度養液，根據尻腐病發生率，成功從中挑選出對尻腐病敏感與不敏感的品種，供後續研究之用。試驗二結果顯示，尻腐病發生率不受養液中硼濃度處理所影響，但‘CLN2460L’生長在0.50mg．L^(-1)硼養液濃度下，有顯著最低之外部尻腐病嚴重度與總尻腐病嚴重度。試驗三結果顯示，‘CLN2460L’在0.55 mg．L^(-1)硼濃度處理時，有最低的外部尻腐病嚴重度，此結果與試驗二的0.50 mg．L^(-1)硼濃度處理相似；且‘種苗亞蔬15號’與‘CLN2460L’在0.55 mg．L^(-1)硼濃度處理時，有最低的外部尻腐病發生率。養液中硼濃度高低，並不顯著影響兩品種之可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量與抗壞血酸含量。本研究建立外部和內部尻腐病徵狀的分級標準，且0.50-0.55 mg．L^(-1)養液硼濃度處理下，‘種苗亞蔬15號’與‘CLN2460L’可具有較輕微的尻腐病嚴重度。 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important economic crop worldwide. However, blossom-end rot (BER), a calcium-related physiological disorder, occurs frequently in tomato commercial production areas and causes economic loss. Therefore, the effects of calcium and boron concentrations in nutrient solution on BER occurrence as well as fruit quality of different commercial tomato cultivars grown by substrate cultures were studied. Three experiments were performed, including experiment I: calcium concentration 20, 40, and 80 mg．L^(-1) (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM) treatments in the winter, 2013; experiment II: boron concentration 0.33, 0.50, 0.74 and 1.11 mg．L^(-1) (30.0, 45.0, 67.5, and 101.0 μM) treatments during 2014 summer; experiment III: boron concentration 0.28, 0.55, and 1.10 mg．L^(-1) (25, 50, and 100 μM) treatments during 2014 winter. In experiment I, ten commercial tomato cultivars were selected, and each was treated with those Ca^(2+) concentrations. Among them, the most BER-sensitivity and BER-insensitivity cultivars were identified based on the BER incidences and therefore were used for further studies. The results in experiment II showed that BER incidence seemed to be independent of the boron concentration in the nutrient solution, but 'CLN2460L' had the lowest external BER severity and total BER severity when grown with nutrient solution containing 0.50 mg．L^(-1) of boron. The results from experiment III are similar to experiment II, where 'CLN2460L' also had the lowest external BER severity when treated with 0.55 mg．L^(-1) of boron. Furthermore, both 'Taiwan Seed ASVEG#15' and 'CLN2460L' had the lowest external BER incidence under 0.55 mg．L^(-1) of boron. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content of both cultivars were not significantly influenced by the boron concentrations in nutrient solutions. In conclusion, we developed a protocol for rating the external and internal BER symptoms, and 'Taiwan Seed ASVEG#15' and 'CLN2460L' had lower BER severity when pre-treated with 0.50-0.55 mg．L^(-1) of boron.