債務不履行中無益費用支出之賠償——以德國法為中心

Compensation for Frustrated Expenses instead of Damages for Breach of Contract–Focused on German Law

所謂無益費用支出係肇因於債權人對債務人將為給付之信賴而來，後又因債務人不履行其給付義務而失其意義（亦即徒然白費），然而，債權人請求賠償無益費用支出原屬消極利益的賠償，但債務不履行的損害賠償卻以履行利益為其法律效果，因此在適用上即有欠缺因果關係的問題。此類案件在我國實務上亦有發生，但法學界與實務界卻鮮少意識到此問題的存在，主要原因仍是此一賠償方式非傳統損害賠償理論所能解決。 與之相較，德國法對此問題的探討已有百年以上的歷史，學說與實務見解百家爭鳴，但卻莫衷一是，最終於2002年德國債法修正案中以立法方式解決此問題，惟學說對新增定的德國民法第284條依舊爭議不斷，其原因仍在於其法律性質的認定無法取得共識。本文的主要目的即在探討德國債法修正前後有關無益費用賠償的問題，並以之為本探討我國法上繼受的可能性。 The so-called frustrated expense is a matter of reliance. The creditor is willing to pay such expenses because he trusts that the debtor will perform his obligations of the contract. This payment of expenses will become meaningless (frustrated) when the debtor breaches the contract. In this case the creditor can claim for compensation of damage of positive interest according to the civil code of Taiwan. However, the nature of this damage caused by frustrated expenses refers to the restitution of the negative interest. Due to a lack of causality the relating regulation of civil code cannot be applied here. The jurisprudence and the legal praxis in Taiwan are rarely aware of this problem so far. The reason is that the traditional theories of damage cannot provide the solution to this problem. In contrast, since more than one hundred years this issue has been steady discussed in Germany, but a consensus could not be reached. In 2002 the German obligation law was amended to solve this problem. Since then debates around this new regulation of § 284 BGB are still ongoing. This essay is focused on the legal problems of frustrated expenses before and after the amendment of BGB in Germany. Based on this research the possibility to receive the German law in Taiwan will be under study.