台灣各縣市高齡者密度及公車資源之空間分析

Relationship of regional elderly density and bus resource based on geographical analysis

目標：公車為高齡者外出最倚賴之公共運輸載具，然公車資源分佈與高齡人口分布區域是否相符並不清楚。本研究分析各台灣縣市高齡者比例與公車資源之地理分佈相關性，以及資源分布是否影響高齡者使用行為，提供高齡者公車需求與供應之實證數據分析。方法：縣市高齡人口根據內政部2016年人口年齡分布統計取得，縣市公車站牌由交通部GIS-t地理倉儲系統以及PTX公共運輸整合資訊流通平台公開資料取得，各縣市高齡者公車使用率由2016年民眾日常使用運具狀況調查取得。以相關係數分析公車站牌密度與高齡者公車使用率之相關性，再以GIS分析呈現縣市公車資源配置與人口需求、老化狀況、及公車使用率之間的關係。結果：各縣市高齡者公車使用率和縣市公車站牌密度（每平方公里公車站牌數）相比，成正相關（R: 0.74, p< .001），可及距離與高齡者使用率雖無顯著意義，但趨勢上可看出距離越長，使用意願越低（R: -0.44, p= 0.051），公車站牌密度最低站牌間距最長的五個縣市為苗栗縣，彰化縣，南投縣，台東縣以及花蓮縣，主要分布於中部與東部。單一路線站牌服務人口數和各縣市高齡人口呈顯著正相關（R: 0.48, p= 0.025），單一路線站牌服務人口數最多的四個縣市是雲林縣，苗栗縣，嘉義縣，台東縣。結論：公車資源較足夠的縣市，高齡者公車使用率相對較高。然而，高度高齡化的縣市，公車使用率卻嚴重偏低，公車可及性差；站牌密度低距離遠，公車的服務量低：單一路線站牌服務人口數高，公車資源相對不足。公車資源分布城鄉差距明顯，雲林縣，南投縣，彰化縣，苗栗縣，嘉義縣和東部最缺乏，極需政府重視與加速建置。 Objectives: Bus is the most used mode of transportation for the elderly, yet it is not clear about the relationship between bus resource and the elderly population distribution. This study compared the regional elderly density and the bus resource distribution to investigate whether the bus resource meets the needs of the elderly. Methods: Data on regional elderly population was retrieved from the Ministry of the Interior at Executive Yuanin 2016. The number of bus stops was obtained from GIS-t, a geographic information system and Public transport data exchange managed by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The bus usage rate of the regional public transportation resource came from the survey of people's daily use of transportation vehicles, in 2016. Correlation analyses and the Quantum-GIS was used to present the relationship among the distribution of bus resource, the regional population demand, the aged condition, and the bus usage rate. Results: The regional elderly public transport usage rate was positively related to bus stops density (Bus stops per Square kilometer) (r= 0.74, p< .001). The distance between bus stops had a trend of negative association with the elderly bus usage rate (r: -0.44, p= 0.051). Inside the last five list of bus stops density were Miaoli County, Changhua County, Nantou County, Taitung County and Hualien County which were located in the central and eastern Taiwan. The number of the elderly was serviced by per bus route stop which was positively related to the regional aging ratio (R: 0.48, p= 0.025). The top four numbers of the elderly serviced by per route bus stop were Yunlin County, Miaoli County, Chiayi County and Taitung County. Conclusions: The richer the bus resource a regional area has, the higher usage rate of public transportation there is. However, it was found that the regional areas with more elderly people have fewer bus resources, and there is a gap between urban and rural areas in terms of the bus resource distribution. Yunlin County, Miaoli County, Chiayi County, Changhua County, Nantou County and the eastern Taiwan have fewer bus resources. It is vital for the government to give more concern to this issue and facilitate the construction of public transportation.