從KIRTSAENG案探討著作權法第一次銷售（first sale）原則

A Discussion of the First Sale Doctrine in Copyright Law from the KIRTSAENG Case

全球化浪潮下，國際貿易市場上常見的合法製造產品，未經合法授權買賣之現象，稱為灰色市場（gray market）或平行輸入（parallelimport）；即同一商品於不同市場銷售時會出現不同訂價，回銷者藉由價差進而賺取利潤。依據美國著作權法106條規範專屬權（ExclusiveRights）之保護，此一非正式管道，易發生「散布權」（Right of Distribution）限縮，即「第一次銷售理論」（First sale Doctrine）適用性之爭議。第一次銷售理論即所有權人對其持有之合法複製物，不需經著作權人同意即可將其拋棄或販售，歷經1909年、1947年及1976年的修正，目前在第109條a項條文；此一學理，回應著作權法主要宗旨，乃在維護著作權人、創著作人和使用大眾之間的平衡，且有助釐清著作財產權人與著作複製物所有人之界線。著作財產權人擁有移轉所有權，理應可控制複製物的散布，惟事實上並不然，如同本文探討案例中之商品平行輸入現象。鑑於美國著作權法對「第一次銷售理論」定義不清，造成美國經濟與中小企業重大傷害之經驗。本文擬從Kirtsaeng案例切入，介紹本案爭點與相關判決，探討「第一次銷售理論」的立法沿革與法理爭議，並借鏡美國案例分析的探討，談及台灣現行法規之發展與現況，希冀達到修法與建議策略；即建言將美國著作權法第109條文中，納入「再次販售行為」之思維，利於排除在國外製造的合法商品，並且同時修正602條a項中進口權相關設限，台灣部分，建請直接參酌美國著作權法，將「第一次銷售理論」載入著作權現行法條中，以求改善當前條文與實務間之矛盾與衝突。 U.S.-based manufacturers often find themselves in the unlikely position of competing against their own goods imported from abroad. These competing products are parallel imports or grey-market goods. Grey-market goods are products sold in the United States that were lawfully produced, but which the manufacturer or authorized reseller did not intend for sale in the United States. The first sale doctrine was codified in the Copyright Acts of 1909, 1947, and 1976. It is currently embodied in § 109(a) of the Act. The whole point of the first sale doctrine is that once the copyright owner places a copyrighted item in the stream of commerce by selling it, he has exhausted his exclusive statutory right to control its distribution. This article will discuss the factual background behind the Kirtsaeng case. Secondly, it sheds light on the Kirtsaeng case issues and related cases. Thirdly, it discusses judicial and legislative record of the first sale doctrine. Finally, this article intends to suggest the other new statutes to comprise the first sale doctrine in Taiwan.