我國最新消費者保護之立法──以消費者債務清理條例更生程序為中心

The Newly Consumer Protection–Focused upon the Statutes of Debt Settlement

1960年代「先消費後付款」之消費生活在美、德、日等東西方先進國家陸續興起了「大眾消費模式」。在資金轉向經營策略下，有相當社會地位的受薪者成為金融單位之銀行等金融機關，開始大量提供授信貸款業務，由於母數龐大，收益與損失相較，獲利的比例帶給了金融機構一線生機，此時消費者信用，即對消費者以融資（如消費性貸款）或融物（如分期付款買賣）之方式授予信用之交易形式。戰後嬰兒潮的成長，逐漸成為消費的主流，加上食之未遂的金融體系更能精緻、細膩地掌握年輕人的消費行為，塑膠貨幣的發明伴隨著資訊產業技術地突破，消費者在五花八門的廣告代言中，迷失了理性判斷自主能力。「卡奴」一詞已活生生地成為現實生活中年輕人生活寫照，消極地規避並未能使他們從惡夢中清醒，呆帳轉化成為掛羊頭狗肉地下金融公司的肥羊，消費者單純財產關係轉化成為侵害其人身自由權的酵素，社會問題衍生的外部成本逐漸地擴大，公權力積極介入乃成為各國執政當局迫切的施政重心。對於身陷破產中或即將破產中已然成為「卡奴」、「債奴」失去人性尊嚴下基本生活的消費者，如何經由法律制度的立法形成憲法「制度性保障」，貫徹憲法的「保護性功能」的發揮，確保人民得以從債務奴隸的泥沼脫離，經由誠實努力重建其財務，回復具有人性尊嚴的生活更是刻不容緩，本文以下從消費者債務清理的理論基礎出發，而後針對美、日、德以及我國立法加以介紹，進而簡單地對臺灣消費者債務清理條例的立法沿革，2008年通過之內容有關更生程序加以概略式地介紹其內容特色與2009年、2011年、2012年的修正；其中，本文將較深入地對消費者債務清理條例，本文認為最值得介紹的免責規定加說明，蓋免責是再生的前提，而再生後的努得做為消費者生活的憑據，甚或進一步發展開創更幸福的人生，最後提出結論與建議。 During 1960 the way of life of “advanced consume, payment after＂ was prevailing in advanced states of United States, West Germany, Japan etc. They created “the public consume model＂ gradually. For translating finance business strategy, the salary-paid persons who have regular income become the customs of banks. The banks provide mass credit loan business. Because of large loaner, after comparing the profits and risks, the percent of profits surrender the financial institutes the hope of life. The consumers' credit is to loan the consumers money or goods by way of credit. The growth of baby wave become the main sources of consume and grieve financial system could design more concrete and grieve financial system could design more concrete and detailed hold the attitudes of consumers. The invention of plastic money following the break rough information enterprise, the consumers facing multifarious advertisement lost their self-judged ability. “The slave of credit card＂ became the signal of youth. They inactively ran away, this is, they did not pay the loan. The unpaid debt translated to under table financial corporation and consumers became their fat sheep. The relationship of debt became the detriment of their life. The social cost arose and extended. The public authority should involve to resolving it and became the major core of executive. To the bankrupted or being bankrupt consumers who have become “the slave of card＂, “the slave of debt＂ lost their basis of human dignity. How to formulate the law system and legislate the “safeguard of institutional＂ promoting the constitutional “function of protection＂, assured the consumers were able to save from the condition of debt slave because they worked hard to reconstruct their financial position and recover the human dignity life pressingly. The article first discusses the basis of the settlement of consumer debt theory. Thereafter it introduces the legislation of United States, Japan and West Germany. The next step briefly expresses the history of “the settlement of consumer debt statutes＂. The forth part talks about the procedure of rehabilitation contents in 2008 focused upon the specifications and the amendments of 2009, 2011, and 2012. Specially the article introduces and discuss more deeply about the excuse clauses which are the precondition of rehabilitations. Whenever, the consumers rehabilitate. The reward can become the consumers' life basis, even create more happy life. The conclusion will provide some advices.