從「變唐之禮」到「章獻新儀」——北宋前期「新禮」問題與《太常因革禮》

From“Transforming Tang Rituals”to the“New Rites of Empress Dowager Liu”: Taichang Yingeli and the“New Ritual”Conception in the Early Northern Song

中國傳統政治向來重視朝廷禮樂的示範作用。本文探討北宋前期「新禮」概念的演變，著重分析「新禮」在宋代官方禮書中的表述形式，尤以宋仁宗中期修成的《太常因革禮》為重點對象。通過仔細考察《太常因革禮》「新禮」部分所收錄的一些重要條文，本文強調仁宗前期、章獻劉太后當政期間所發展的一些朝儀格式在當時語境中具有象徵女主權威的政治意義，包括上尊號禮、祝壽禮及儀衛制度等。本文認為，從「變唐之禮」走向仁宗一朝的復古之禮，「章獻新儀」作為北宋「新禮」概念的重要一環，其意義可以從禮儀記錄和歷史文獻兩方面來看。作為禮儀記錄，收錄在《太常因革禮》中的「章獻新儀」集中了天聖、明道年間為尊崇章獻劉太后而新設的一批儀注書，包括《天聖崇政殿受冊儀注》、《明道儀注》、《天聖儀注》、「天聖儀衛」等。作為歷史文獻，「章獻新儀」的誕生與劉太后當政時期的一系列政治考慮有關。儘管「章獻新儀」的歷史意義因為北宋主流政治排斥女主干政而被掩蓋，但其禮儀意義仍然通過《太常因革禮》這樣的文獻渠道成為之後皇太后禮制中的參考坐標。通過結合政治史與禮儀史，本文希望提供一個個案，以為開拓北宋禮儀史研究的引玉之磚。 Traditional Chinese politics have always emphasized the role played by court rituals in symbolizing the way of governance. By investigating into the concept of “new rituals” in the early Northern Song, this article examines how Song official ritual codes and regulations conceptualized “new rituals,” with a special focus placed on the Taichang yingeli太常因革禮 (Modifications on Imperial Rituals and Ceremonies), a ritual manual that was compiled during the reign of Emperor Renzong 宋仁宗 (r. 1022-1063). Through a careful scrutiny of several court ceremonies that were collected in the Taichang yingeli, including the rite of the bestowal of supreme titles, the rite of birthday congratulations, and the imperial guard of honor of the emperor and empress dowager, I highlight how these ceremonies represented the personal authority of the Empress Dowager Liu 劉太后 within the particular historical context of that time. My article argues that these new ceremonies—as a crucial part of the Song conception of “new rituals” --could be examined in terms of being both historical and textual records. As a textual record of ceremonial and liturgical details, the Taichang yingeli collected a series of official ritual regulations and codes that were compiled during the eras of Tiansheng 天聖 (1023-1032) and Mingdao 明道 (1032-1033), when Empress Dowager Liu was at her height of power. As a historical record, the birth of these new ceremonies in relation to Empress Dowager Liu resulted from political concerns and interests. Although the historical meaning of the new ceremonies of Empress Dowager Liu as a representation of her regnant power was understated by later scholar-officials—owing to their hostility toward female sovereignty, the preservation of related ceremonies in the Taichang yingeli provided reference regarding ritual practices for later empress dowagers. By adopting a multi-disciplinary approach of political history and ritual history, this article, as a case study, hopes to shed new light on the explorations and studies of Chinese court ritual and its history.