南海仲裁案中的國際環境法議題

International Environmental Law Issues in the South China Sea Arbitration Case

國際環境法作為國際法的一個分支，其發展是於近代才逐步開始並受到重視，其中，「海洋」之環境保護又是環境法中較晚起步的區塊，主要是因為海洋環境與陸域環境的差異顯著，使得陸域環境保護之意識與科學方法大多無法直接移植至海洋環境所致。然此等情況透過現代科技的進步以及法制的細緻化，已逐步改善，本仲裁案中也可看出部分發展之成果。本仲裁案中涉及的環境議題可非常直接的分成「海洋生物保護」及「海洋環境保全」兩大主軸，在本文中將分別於以剖析探討。其中，海洋生物的保護一直是海洋環境議題中的重點，因為眾多的海中生物同時也是人類眼中的「漁業資源」，是經濟利益與生態保育的價值衝突所在。在本仲裁判斷做成之前，「國際海洋法法庭」（International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea, ITLOS）在若干的判決與諮詢意見中即已提出：「海洋生物資源的養護是海洋環境保護與保全的要素之一」之見解，本案仲裁庭對於相關見解之解釋與適用也值得探討。另外，由於本案所牽涉的海洋生物多為瀕危物種，《聯合國海洋法公約》體制與《華盛頓公約》保護規範的相互連結也是值得關注之處。其次，在海洋環境方面，中國大規模填海造陸建築人工島嶼之行為，不只在政治與軍事領域中掀起波瀾，其對南海生態系的完整與存續也造成極大的影響，本案中仲裁庭針對中國實際的建設行為以及程序上的事前評估要求進行審查，並於仲裁判斷中揭示之「環境影響評估」（Environmental Impact assessment, EIA）標準，亦值得未來重大海洋開發活動借鏡。 International environmental law as a branch of international law, its development is gradually started in modern times and attention, which, ＂Ocean＂ environmental protection is the late commencement of environmental law block, mainly because the marine environment and the land environment Of the significant differences, making the land area of environmental protection awareness and scientific methods cannot be directly transplanted to the marine environment. However, through the progress of modern science and technology and the refinement of the legal system, this situation has been gradually improved, the arbitration case can also be seen part of the development of the results. The environmental issues covered in this Arbitration case can be directly divided into two main spheres, ＂Marine Biological Protection＂ and ＂Marine Environmental Protection＂, which will be explored in this paper. Among them, the protection of marine life has been the focus of marine environmental issues, because many of the sea creatures are also the human eye ＂fishery resources＂, is the economic interests and ecological conservation value of the conflict lies. Before the Arbitration Judgment was made, the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) stated in a number of judgments and advice: ＂The conservation of marine living resources is the protection and preservation of marine environmental The interpretation and application of the arbitral tribunal in this case is also worth exploring. In addition, because the marine life in this case is mostly endangered species, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the ＂Washington Convention＂ protection of the link is also worthy of attention. Secondly, in the marine environment, China's large-scale land reclamation construction artificial island behavior, not only in the political and military areas set off waves, the integrity and survival of the South China Sea ecosystem also caused great impact, the case of the arbitration court against China Actual construction behavior and procedural prior assessment requirements, and the environmental impact assessment criteria disclosed in the judgment of the arbitration, and also worthy of future major marine development activities.