馬來西亞的外交政策──建構主義觀點

Malaysia's Foreign Policy: A Constructivist Viewpoint

本論文嘗試用建構主義的觀點解釋馬來西亞的外交政策。由於地理位置與人口結構的關係，1970年代以前馬來西亞的外交政策幾乎和內部安全以及國家安全相關。1970年代以後馬國雖然走向中立不結盟，但活躍於穆斯林世界以尋求更大的國際能見度。1980年代以後是馬哈迪所擘劃的東向政策以及2020年展望，基本上是以經濟發展為主導的外交政策。這篇論文亦處理了馬來西亞的多邊關係以及馬國在南中國海的立場，並且以四種情境來解釋馬國之於南中國海的立場。文末，筆者認為建構主義的規範、認同、文化、相互主觀、社會實踐等觀念，相較於現實主義與自由主義，更能解釋馬國的外交政策路徑。 This article attempts to explain Malaysia's foreign policy from a constructivist viewpoint. Due to the geographical location and demographic structure, Malaysia's foreign policy was almost related to internal security and national security before the 1970s. After the 1970s, although Malaysia was heading neutral and non-aligned proposition, it was active in the Muslim world to seek greater international visibility. After the 1980s, Mahathir's foreign policy of “Eastward policy＂ and “The 2020 Outlook＂ were basically designed for economic development. This article also deals with Malaysia's multilateral relations and Malaysia's position in the South China Sea, and explains the position of Malaysia in the South China Sea in four scenarios. At the end of the article, the author argues that the norms of Constructivism in relations to conformity, identity, culture, mutual subjectivity, and social practice are better explanations to Malaysia's foreign policy than Realism and Liberalism.